Patients Rights Essay

The lawful interests of people who submit to clinical treatment. For a long time, normal clinical practice implied that doctors settled on choices for their patients. This paternalistic view has step by step been superseded by one advancing patient self-rule, whereby patients and specialists share the dynamic duty. Subsequently specialist persistent connections are altogether different now than they were only a couple of decades prior. Nonetheless, clashes despite everything proliferate as the clinical network and those it serves battle to characterize their particular jobs. Assent Assent, especially educated assent, is the foundation of patients’ rights. Assent depends on the sacredness of one’s individual. It implies that specialists don't reserve the privilege to contact or treat a patient without that patient’s endorsement in light of the fact that the patient is the person who should live with the outcomes and manage any dis-comfort brought about by treatment. A specialist can be held subject for submitting a Battery if the specialist contacts the patient without first acquiring the patient’s assent. The move in specialist persistent connections appears to be unavoidable looking back. In one early assent case, a specialist told a lady he would just fix some cervical and rectal tears; rather he played out a hysterectomy. For another situation, a patient allowed her PCPs to look at her under sedation yet demanded that they not work; the specialists evacuated a fibroid tumor during the technique. In one more case, a specialist guaranteed a man that a proposed activity was straightforward and basically without hazard; the patient’s left hand was incapacitated because of the medical procedure. Assent must be deliberate, capable, and educated. Intentional implies that, when the patient gives assent, the person is liberated from outrageous pressure and isn't inebriated or affected by medicine and that the specialist has not constrained the patient into giving assent. The law presumes that a grown-up is skillful, however competency might be an issue in various occurrences. Ability is ordinarily possibly tested when a patient can't help contradicting a doctor’s suggested treatment or declines treatment through and through. In the event that an individual comprehends the data introduced in regards to treatment, she or he is capable to agree to or deny treatment. Assent can be given verbally, recorded as a hard copy, or by one’s activities. For instance, an indiv idual has agreed to an immunization in the event that she remains in accordance with other people who are getting inoculations, watches the method, and afterward presents her arm to a human services supplier. Assent is derived in instances of crisis or unforeseen conditions. For instance, if unexpected genuine or perilous conditions create during medical procedure for which assent has been given, agree is induced to permit specialists to make prompt further move to forestall genuine injury or passing. Assent is additionally gathered when a grown-up or youngster is discovered oblivious, or when a crisis in any case requires prompt treatment to forestall genuine mischief or passing. Assent isn't legitimate if the patient doesn't comprehend its significance or if a patient has been deceived. Kids normally may not give assent; rather a parent or watchman must agree to clinical treatment. Competency issues may emerge with intellectually sick people or the individuals who have lessened intellectual ability because of hindrance or different issues. In any case, the way that somebody experiences a psychological maladjustment or lessened intellectual ability doesn't imply that the individual is awkward. Contingent upon the sort and seriousness of the handicap, the patient may even now be able to comprehend a proposed course of treatment. For instance, as of late most purviews have perceived the privilege of hospitalized mental patients to reject prescription in specific situations. Various courts have decided that a psychological patient may reserve the option to decline antipsychotic drugs, which can create upsetting symptoms. On the off chance that a patient is inept, in fact just a legitimately selected watchman can settle on treatment choices. Normally, in any case, doctors concede to relatives on a casual premise, in this manner staying away from an extensive and costly competency hearing. Assent by a relative exhibits that the specialist counseled somebody who knows the patient well and is probably going to be worried about the patient’s prosperity. This will likely be adequate to prevent a patient from suing for inability to acquire assent should the patient recoup. Lawful, moral, and moral inquiries emerge in competency cases including clinical strategies not fundamentally for the patient’s advantage. These cases commonly emerge with regards to organ gift starting with one kin then onto the next. A significant number of these cases are end orsed in the lower courts; the choices every now and again turn on an assessment of the connection between the contributor and beneficiary. In the event that the contributor and beneficiary have a relationship that the benefactor knows about, effectively partakes in, and profits by, courts by and large infer that the advantages of proceeding with the relationship exceed the dangers and discomfortsâ of the strategy. For instance, one court conceded consent for a kidney transplant from a formatively impaired patient into his sibling in light of the fact that the formatively debilitated kid was extremely subject to the sibling. For another situation, a court affirmed a seven-year-old girl’s gift of a kidney to her indistinguishable twin sister after specialists and family vouched for the nearby bond between the two. Alternately, a mother effectively battled to forestall testing of her three-and-a-half-year-old twins for a potential bone marrow transplant for a relative in light of the fact that the kids had just met the kid twice and were unconscious that he was their sibling. Hitched or liberated minors, incorporating those in the Armed Services, are equipped for giving their own assent. Liberated implies that the minor is self-supporting and lives freely of guardians and parental control. What's more, under a hypothesis known as the develop minor convention, certain minors may agree to tr eatment without first getting parental assent. In the event that the minor is equipped for understanding the nature, degree, and outcomes of clinical treatment, the individual in question may agree to clinical consideration. Such circumstances normally include more established minors and medicines to help the minor (i.e., not organ transplant contributors or blood givers) and as a rule include generally okay strategies. As of late, in any case, a few minors have looked for the option to settle on last chance choices. In 1989, a state court previously perceived that a minor could settle on such a grave choice. A 17-year-old leukemia persistent denied life-sparing blood transfusions dependent on a profoundly held, family-shared strict conviction. A therapist affirmed that the young lady had the development of a 22-year-old. Unexpectedly, the young lady won her entitlement to decline treatment yet was alive and solid when the case was at long last chosen. She had been transfused before the moderate legal procedure expected to choose such a troublesome inquiry prompted a decision in support of herself. Some state rules explicitly give that minors may give assent in certain exceptionally charged circumstances, for example, instances of venereal ailment, pregnancy, and medication or liquor misuse. A minor may likewise overrule parental assent in specific circumstances. In one case, a mother gave assent for an Abortion for her 16-year-old unemancipated little girl, however the young lady oppose this idea. A court maintained the daughter’s option to retain assent. Courts regularly arrive at dissimilar results when concluding whether to meddle with a parent’s refusal to agree to a non-dangerous strategy. One court would not abrogate aâ father’s refusal of agree for medical procedure to fix his son’s harelip and congenital fissure. Yet, an alternate court allowed a procedure on a kid experiencing a serious facial deformation despite the fact that his mom questioned on strict grounds to the going with blood transfusion. For another situation, a youngster was requested to experience clinical medicines after the guardians fruitlessly rewarded the child’s serious ignites with home grown cures. Courts once in a while waver to step in where a child’s life is in harm's way. To deny a kid a valuable, life-continuing treatment establishes youngster disregard, and states have an obligation to shield kids from disregard. One case included a mother who affirmed that she didn't accept that her youngster was HIV positive, i n spite of clinical proof despite what might be expected. The court requested treatment, including AZT, for the youngster. Numerous different cases include guardians who need to treat a genuine sickness with nontraditional techniques or whose strict convictions preclude blood transfusions. Cases including strict convictions bring up troublesome issues under the First Amendment’s Free Excise of Religion Clause, Common Law, legal privileges of a parent in bringing up a youngster, and the state’s conventional enthusiasm for ensuring those unfit to secure themselves. At the point when a child’s life is in harm's way and parental assent is retained, a medical clinic looks for a court-designated gatekeeper for the kid. The watchman, regularly an emergency clinic executive, at that point agrees to the treatment for the youngster. In a crisis case, an adjudicator may settle on a choice via phone. Now and again, specialists may decide to act without legal authorization if time requirements don't permit sufficient opportunity to arrive at an appointed authority by phone. In 1982, a six-day-old newborn child with Down’s condition passed on after a court endorsed a parental choice to retain life-sparing medical procedure. The kid had a condition that made eating unthinkable. The infant was sedated however given no sustenance. The open disturbance over the Baby Doe case inevitably helped spike the branch of wellbeing and human administrations to make guidelines outlining when treatment might be retained from a debilitated newborn child. Trea tment might be retained if a baby is constantly and irreversibly out cold, if su

Human Resource Management Case Study

Human Resource Management Case Study Conceptual Key Human asset the executives is a drawn out proactive arranging by the Human Resource division on how hierarchical objectives and missions will be accomplished by the methods for its work power assets. This paper depends on Strategic Human Resource Management speculations and practices as a prerequisite for our Human Resource Management unit HR633. For this task Baa Bar eatery has been picked where the interrelationship between human asset the executives and Baa Bar restaurant’s condition will be assessed and talked about. The definition gave by Michael Armstrong and Long (1994) is talked about along with the coordinating model by Devanna, Fombrun and Tichy (1984) is additionally examined. The connection between these speculations, thoughts and model are assessed with the setting of Baa Bar café current practice and ways of thinking. Presentation Human asset the executives is about administration of individuals at all levels in the hierarchical structure so as to accomplish an upper hand over different business with the assistance of actualizing their own HR approaches and practices which are in arrangement with their objectives and missions of the association. Armstrong and Long extend the possibility of Walker who characterized vital HR the board as â€Å"the methods for assembling the administration of HR with the vital substance of the business† HRM is likewise a vital and far reaching way to deal with overseeing individuals and the work environment culture and condition. Viable HRM empowers workers to contribute adequately and gainfully to the general organization heading and the achievement of the associations objectives and goals (About.com,2014). Baa Bar The corporate strategic Baa Bar eatery is to be all around perceived as one of the top â€Å"A† grade family café in the two its neighborhood and International visitor showcase. (Individual correspondence: Mr Sohal, S., fourth July, 2014) Key destinations To prepare and create current workers in light of furnish them with the changing patterns and markets for viable and effective client care liberation To convey a sheltered and secure workplace to its representatives To be in arrangement with the authoritative objectives and mission To advance reasonable and equivalent work open door for all individuals regardless of their race, culture ,religion and sexual orientation of individuals Cling to reasonable choice procedure for new enlistment To cling to the lowest pay permitted by law rate for its representatives regardless of the race, culture, religion , or sexual orientation This division is mindful by and large administration of HR who are viewed as the greatest resource for any organization’s achievement. The HR division is answerable for staff enrollment, preparing them viably, creating them and apportioning them to their particular obligations. Their techniques should be in finished arrangement with the strategic objectives of the café. They obtain the ideal individual with the correct activity at the ideal time in right number through preparing and creating them through hierarchical preparing and workshops so as to accomplish proficiency and adequacy in every other branch of the association. They are primary duty is to enroll, create, utilize and keep up the representatives of the café as there is a deficiency of worker dedication and representative come in the eatery to pick up workforce experience and leave for better chances. In this way to put a measure to this issue the HR division of Baa Bar café has defined a composed agreement deli neating the Baa Bar restaurant’s strategies and practices that representatives need to follow while working for the eatery. The new workers that are selected to be set on a three months probation period to show the café their capacity and abilities and as an implies that shows the eatery that they are the individuals for that position. Moreover the agreement confines representatives from leaving the organization without giving the café time to promote, enlist and train another trade for that position. All the workers are furnished with fundamental preparing in all circles of the eatery obligations so when the need emerges to conceal or switch positions for another representative because of non-attendance or if any crisis emerges, they have the information and are prepared to complete of those duties proficiently (Scribd.com,2014). Baa Bar eatery is a family possessed little café run by Mrs Sunaina khan as CEO and Mr Sohail Khan as the Manager/Human Resource Manager and Mr D. Patel as the Supervisor/floor Manager/Human Resource official for the eatery. It has other ten kitchen workers. The structure of baa bar eatery has four levels, upper most is the CEO, second level is the Manager, third level is the human asset supervisor and at the base level are on the whole the kitchen workers. The HR office is overseen by the floor director and the eateries administrator. All HR arranging and systems are detailed at the third degree of the hierarchical structure Mr. Patel who complete the arranging procedure and forward it to the upper level ,to the supervisor and CEO ,for the last endorsement for all Human asset issues. Consequently the HR office has figured some interior strategies for their human asset necessities. The division has defined yearly proactive designs to provide food for the expanded creation thus that work stream in the eatery is consistent and doesn't stop because of deficiency of staff. Consistently the café designates certain measures of benefit for Human asset advancement for current representatives and enrolling new workers relying upon the prerequisites of the yearly tasks. Consistently the café apportions a spending plan of $100,000 for its HR office from which the withdraw assigns $55000 for easygoing 3 to 5 new worker that are enlisted each year throughout the mid year for two months, mid November to mid January, when it’s the pinnacle season for the eatery because of overall population occasions and flood of substantial vacationer advertise. The division promotes on the look for site, Baa Bar cafés official site and in restaurant’s fortnightly pamphlet. On occasion they additionally redistribute to Frog enlistments to get easygoing works on short notification (About.com,2014). HR office details an activity plan for its own area of expertise as a measure to accomplish their laid out ventures and objectives so as to accomplish their authoritative objectives and mission. HR works as per the eateries crucial objectives and have representatives arranged to fit in when the need emerges with the goal that the tasks of the cafés everyday exercises don't stop. The HR division of Baa Bar eatery go about as the chain specialists for the change as the change emerges. The HR administrator and the eateries chief work together inseparably, teaching, creating, propelling, supporting, instructing and preparing the representatives in advance and during the progress time frame with the goal that worker are decidedly ready and prepared for the change. For Example, the one of the laid out objectives for 2014 is to grow the Baa Bar restaurant’s current guest plan to another outside patio eating to check the restaurant’s tenth birthday celebration on 23rd of November. The CEO, the Manager and HR Manager along with other division administrators, had a dispensing with the bleeding edge laborers and the kitchen staff and prompted them about the arranging and what procedures the supervisors will direct so as to make the progress of the undertaking. They were additionally clarified why the eatery needs to grow and what is normal from the repres entatives and how it will influence them. They were additionally clarified on how their present job will change. The HR office thought of the thought on the most proficient method to provide food for the expanded representative necessities and assets as the outstanding burden will increment significantly. The HR thought of the activity plan on the most proficient method to provide food for the expanded remaining burden. It has made arrangements to enroll 5 new representatives, 3 new servers and 2 new kitchen hands to help in the kitchen. It has likewise made arrangement to send the current servers and the barkeeps to go to workshops composed in house by outside agents and furthermore provide food for additional advancements for kitchen hands and culinary experts to overhaul their aptitudes and achieve further training in their individual situations at the eateries costs (About.com,2014). 2.0. Strategies and practices regarding Devanna, Fombrum and Tichy The Matching Model As indicated by Devanna, Fombrum and Tichy, (1984) Human asset the executives are the operational plans of the association that accentuation on the key plans and are led by the top level individuals in the authoritative structure. It further characterizes that the authoritative crucial procedure ought to be laced along with the human asset approaches and practices like occupation structuring, worker preparing and advancement etc.so that they are in steady stream with one another so as to accomplish the hierarchical missions and systems. Human asset the board division needs to filter the outer powers that impact the association at entirety. The outer powers are political, social and monetary powers. Political powers are the laws, enactments and arrangements put by the New Zealand government and service of work, for example, hierarchical wellbeing and security guidelines which Baa Bar café need to maintain at all conditions and normal compensation guidelines, tax assessment, IRD conclusion, kid work, illicit business and so forth such laws are set by the concerned experts so as to normalize the nearby workforce by defending the representative just as the cafés intrigue. Consequently it impacts the human asset the executives of the Baa Bar eatery where it needs to base it’s representative compensation, benefits, and so forth in thought and afterward choose the numeration bundles fo

Molar Mass by Free

Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression Essay Methodology: Gauge the test tube. Collect the device of thermometer, split plug, and stirrer. Measure around eight grams of BHT into the test tube. Record the consolidated mass, and the mass of the BHT. Cinch the test tube in the recepticle and addition the thermometer and mixing wire get together into the test cylinder and brace the get together to the ring stand. The thermometer ought to on the strong. Add water to the recepticle with the goal that the strong is well beneath the degree of the water. Warmth the water shower to about 90â ° Celsius. Permit the BHT in the test cylinder to liquefy. At the point when the temperature of the BHT is 80â ° Celsius or higher, evacuate the thermometer and test tube from the water shower. The thermometer ought to keep up position in relation to the BHT, however the test cylinder ought to be out of the water shower measuring utencil. Record the temperature of the BHT at regular intervals for 30 minutes. Mix the BHT until it hardens. Measure and record roughly one gram of cetyl liquor. Spot the cetyl liquor in the test tube containing the BHT. Supplant the test cylinder to the water shower. Warmth the test tube until the substances are dissolved, and arrive at a temperature over 80â ° Celsius. When it surpasses 80â ° C, expel the test tube from the water shower yet keep up the thermometer position in relation to the blend. Record the temperature of the BHT at regular intervals for 30 minutes. Mix the blend until it cements. Rehash the above strides with new BHT and, a perfect test tube, thermometer, stirrer, and around one gram of the obscure compound instead of the cetyl liquor. Investigation: For the lab, the determined percent mistake was 2.99%. The percent mistake originated from the distinction in the molar mass of the obscure substance as experienced in the lab, and in the acknowledged information. A potential purpose of blunder was in whether a gathering blended the substance as it was cooling. This would influence the information recorded, and slant the outcomes relying upon how steady the blending was between preliminaries. On the off chance that the lab were to be preformed once more, the understudies would all have a similar measure of blending of the cooling substance, either none by any means, or a steady mixing all through the brief cooling time frame. End: The motivation behind this lab was to decide the molar mass of an obscure substance by estimating the point of solidification wretchedness of an answer of an obscure substance and BHT, and to contrast the information gathered and the acknowledged an incentive for the lab. The reason for the lab was satisfied as the understudies decided the molar mass of the obscure substance, in spite of much battle all through the procedure of the lab. A great part of the class information was incredibly off of the scope of adequate wiggle room, so all gatherings are utilizing the information from a fruitful gathering to play out the report.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Craftsmanship history - Essay Example Next to no is thought about the work or life of the painter. Notwithstanding, it is realized that, during this time, the works of art were instrumental in both the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox places of worship. The work of art was nearly simultaneously as the Madonna on the rocks by Leonardo Da Vinci and Titian Madonna of the house by Pesaro. These three works of art have a similar piece of the virgin and the youngster (p. 204). The work of art has a few characters from the book of scriptures, the essential figures being the virgin and the youngster as the highlight. In this work of art, the youngster (Christ) is borne on a litter that is brightened with flower petals which are red and white in shading. This means a marriage between the congregation and Mary Ecclesia, the congregation and Christ himself. The litter on which the kid sits is held up by two holy messengers. This is a demonstration in the work of art is intended to make the chain of command of the artistic creation. Behind the picture, there is a parapet which is white in shading. Behind the parapet, John the Baptist and Jerome are perusing a book. Out of sight, there is a stone which is encircled by a stream. This gives the artistic creation a sentiment of some development. The foundation picture additionally comprises of a few people asking. The foundation likewise shows an excellent scene with a great deal of exercises out of sight (P, 216). In Madonna on the rocks, the artistic creation shows a photograph of the Virgin Mary, the kid (Christ) and John the Baptist as a newborn child. In this piece, they are masterminded in a triangular way. The foundation has shakes at the same time, has a far off scene of water and mountains. In this artistic creation, the Virgin Mary is the summit of the figure which frames the state of a pyramid. The organization of this artwork is practically like that of Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels. Be that as it may, there are slight contrasts. This incorporates the Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels where the foundation is an open space while in the Madonna on the rocks the foundation is

Management Theory Interview essays

The board Theory Interview expositions The Microsoft Corporation is broadly perceived as one of pioneers of corporate achievement around the world. Also, inside the business, the administrative style of its gigantic pool of chiefs is generally viewed as In talking Ibrahim, a Test Manager situated at Microsoft's Redmond, Washington grounds, I had the chance to take note of his administration style, and attract numerous equals to contemporary administration hypothesis. Ibrahim as of now directs twelve test drives, who, thusly, supervise a pool forty-seven analyzers for the Microsoft Office item. He was inquired to answer a few of the accompanying inquiries: 1. What is your administration reasoning' How would you persuade your I never truly considered it. I surmise my administration theory is a sort of light touch approach. I accept that for a representative to be extremely profitable, they must have a feeling of possession of the zone that they are capable foreither in directing the representatives of a specific test territory, or in the genuine testing of the item. I find that giving them genuine duty the two reinforces their ability to commit themselves to the undertaking, just as inspires them to perform dependent on the concern of being held actually answerable for their oversights at audit time. 2. What is your opinion about amending workers' That relies upon what you mean by remedying workers. In my day by day work one of the most significant assignments is controlling my workers when they are encountering troubles. Sadly, despite the fact that group representatives are urged to own their work, there are times when errands are, either not preformed, or not finished agreeably. It is ... <!

Remembering Life - Creating Wholeness from Loss

Remembering Life - Creating Wholeness from Loss It’s Memorial Day and I am remembering. Remembering those who have passed in various ways throughout the years. Those who have touched me personally. Remembering, etymologically, is a putting back together of parts. When someone is torn from us, we naturally perform this reconstruction through our thoughts. The most recent lost in my life was my friend Nikk, who died unexpectedly two weeks ago. He was 33. His family has chosen not to request an autopsy, so we don’t know how he died, whether it was an aneurysm or a tumor or a heart attack. I have a compulsion to understand, to know the reason. His family, understandably, believes that the final result is the same so why put their son’s body through invasive procedures? What’s important is not how it happened but how we choose to remember. And so we remember. The music, the love, the funny things he said and did. The contribution he made. In Memory of Nikk C. These are the sorts of things we are called upon to piece together about all our loved ones who have passed on. I remember these things about my father who died of pneumonia at age 57; my college roommate who was killed in a car accident in the prime of her life; and my grandmother who lived to a ripe old age. What of my high school classmate who was hit by a bus? Or the professor who was going to be my thesis advisor until he was in an accident on his way home one night? We experience painful loss, and in the same transaction we are gifted with memories that repair the rift. What will we choose to remember? And what can we learn from those memories about how best to live our lives? I asked some of Nikk’s friends what message they thought he would want to send to the world. Some words and phrases that came up were were joy, spontaneity, embracing who you are, connecting closely with others, believing in others even when they don’t believe in themselves, and being a force for positivity, inspiration and love. Recently he had completed a huge web development project for the Rainbird Foundation, whose mission is to end child abuse. He definitely made his mark. The pieces come together. I had a brush with possible death when I was in a car accident four weeks ago, and I have been called to consider what people will remember about me. I want to be thought of for the creativity I have put into the world, for the ways I have expanded and progressed other people’s lives, for my spirit and my contributions. I hope that many people’s lives have been made better because I have touched them. Celebrating Life The phrase “Memorial Service” has rather somber connotations, and so Nikk’s family gathered people together for a “Celebration of Life.” Whatever the title, what we all did there was scroll through our memories. We experienced joy, we connected with each other, and we appreciated all that Nikk had created. We say “Rest in Peace,” and we want the souls of our loved ones to be at peace if that is our belief. I believe that with that phrase we are seeking peace and wholeness in ourselves as we adjust to life without the person who passed. I also believe it’s the remembering, and the inspiration that springs from it, that will get us there.

PhD Insider On Depth and Breadth from a Philosophy tutor

As a philosophy tutor and candidate at Harvard, I can say that philosophy has many roles and does many things. One role is that it is the most fully general subject area, encompassing many kinds of thinking and cultures. The depth and breadth of philosophy as an undergraduate major or gradudate discipline will take you far. One of the United States’ great 20th Century philosophers, Wilfrid Sellars, said: â€Å"The aim of philosophy, abstractly formulated, is to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term†. This means that the relationship between electromagnetic fields, the dynamics of tectonic plates, sexual selection, efficiency in farming methods, the history of feudalism, and a human tendency to seek each others’ praises, if any there be, falls within the purview of philosophy. In order to carry out such generalist ambitions, ideally, a philosopher would have expert knowledge in every field and discipline there is. Indeed, the greatest â€Å"philosophers† of the ages were actually polymaths who made numerous contributions to many fields: Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Mill, and Russell, et al. It is not reasonable for most of us to aspire to such heights. Still, the more one can combine familiarity with numerous fields along with considerable knowledge of one or more (non-philosophical) subject matters, the better. Let me address the significance of striking a balance between breadth and depth for one’s aspirations for philosophy graduate school and, ultimately, a career in philosophy. All academic fields are becoming increasingly specialized. The growth of knowledge combines with increasing competition for jobs to promote the rise of experts on ever more narrow topics. Philosophy has increasingly joined these trends. Many now specialize in technical sounding things like â€Å"supervenience†, â€Å"the grounding relation†, and â€Å"external reasons†. But many specialties require considerable knowledge of other fields. Philosophy of mind is increasingly impossible these days without significant attention to what is going on in the psychological and neurological sciences. Philosophers of language need to know a lot of linguistics, epistemologists need to be familiar with probability theory and Bayesianism as well as various fields in psychology, ethicists need to know about the psychology of moral judgment, philosophers of science need to be familiar with trends in methodology across scientific disciplines. So, what does this mean for an undergraduate considering graduate school or staring to embark on a graduate school application? As a philosophy student and tutor, the first thing to remember is to discuss your particular area of interest in graduate school application because this will show that you have made efforts to increase your knowledge and skill in related areas outside of philosophy. This at least means taking courses in such areas. If it makes sense for the best writing sample you can submit, showing that you can appeal to non-philosophical sources, skillfully interpret them, charitably critique them, etc. in your work would also potentially bestow an advantage. Of course, no one will hold you to all the same interests you had as an undergraduate once you are in a doctoral program. But whatever direction your interests take, you can expect to need to either take courses in the topic or do a lot of self-tutoring to get up to speed. For a long time, many graduate programs required study in a language that would be necessary for serious scholarship of historical figures. Many are now giving the alternative option of taking courses that are of relevance to your speciality or dissertation topic. So depth in a particular topic, both in and out of philosophy, is necessary in the contemporary profession. Furthermore, it is a check distinguishing dilettantism from genuine polymathic ability. It is a rare philosopher that does not itch to weigh in on issues outside of her specialty. But first demonstrating the ability to contribute to a deep and complex debate with mastery of the literature is far more likely to get one taken seriously when later testing the waters on a new issue. None of this, however, should detract from the grand vision of philosophy articulated by Sellars above. If philosophy cannot be a home for integration of knowledge and investigation of cross-disciplinary relationships, what can be? So philosophers need to continue to cast their nets as widely as possible. And this requires qualities and habits that inspire and sustain philosophy in the first place: insatiable curiosity mixed with skepticism about appearances and easy answers, tenacious researching and note taking, and the willingness to go the extra step to gain more than a superficial acquaintance with a topic. Finally, it requires creativity and willingness to venture outside well-worn grooves. History has shown that most philosophical speculations will be relegated to the dustbin. But that doesn’t mean the speculations weren’t worthwhile at the time or that there weren’t lessons drawn from them. And good philosophical speculation requires wide-ranging breadth in as many areas of knowledge as possible.

Fast Foods The Global Climate Change - 2262 Words

1 Name Instructor Healthcare Date Fast Foods The global climate change has contributed immensely to the increased food security concerns, a situation that threatens the lives of many people on the planet. The fast foods have supplemented the agricultural products that have proven to be inadequate in feeding the fast-growing global population. The industry for these commodities has gained popularity despite increased opposition worldwide. The fast foods have been associated with convenience and being cost-effective among other benefits. On the other hand, the critics have been at the forefront campaigning against the consumption of these products attributing them to contributing to the onset of the non-communicable diseases. However,†¦show more content†¦It is more convenient to have fast foods than the home made ones because they are timesaving. Fast foods serve a lot of convenience to people according to Swanson, Block, and Mousa (7). They do not require additional ingredients during preparation. Unlike the fast foods, the homemade ones are associated with other chores that might inconvenience a person. For instance, a student might find it difficult to wash the utensils and run to supermarkets and food groceries to buy other ingredients. It is amazing to see how a simple meal can be prepared without necessarily consuming too much time. The fast foods restaurants are readily available within walking distance, as they are widely distributed following the expansion of this industry. The consumers can quickly locate these stores and dine at their convenience. It must be noted that fast foods can be taken as a person does other activities such as studying and walking. The time saving and convenience that comes with these foodstuffs cannot be underestimated. However, their safety should be ensured to promote and enhance the health of the consumers. Secondly, fast foods offer a wide variety of products that are safe for human consumption at their convenience. An adequate diet comprises of a broad range of foodstuffs ranging from carbohydrates, vitamins, and proteins. Fast foods, just like the home cooked meals, meet these requirements. In fact, they enhance convenience

The Elizabethan Er A Standard Of Power, Authority, And...

In the Elizabethan era, there was a standard women and men had to follow. The Elizabethan society was patriarchal, meaning men were considered leaders, and the women were inferior to men. The men in Elizabethan life was to be of power, authority, and head of the their families, and above all to be obeyed. In this time wealthy men were to become courtiers, diplomen, clergymen, and lawyers. The men made the decisions and whatever decision they make women have to obey them. They were also responsible for taking care of the family while working different jobs..And they were expected to improve the positions of all members of the family through influence and patronage from wealthier people and families than their own. As for the women in this time frame they were raised to believe that they were inferior to men. Their roles in Elizabethan society was very limited, and their job was to be housewives and mothers. Women at the time were to be watched for and if she was married it would be her husband but if she was single then her father or brother. Gender conventions in Elizabethan Era is key to understand my argument about how women in Shakespeare’s plays break their gender conventions. I will be using parts from Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Twelfth Night, to show how women in this time period broke gender conventions. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, we see that it defies most traditional gender roles in the play by allowing his characters to surpass the

Student Loan Debt Is A Financial Crisis - 1700 Words

As the demand for workers with college degrees increases the pile of debt students may graduate with gets bigger and bigger. This problem is America’s next sizeable financial crisis, but this crisis however is avoidable. Student loan debt is a financial bubble waiting to blow up just as the housing market collapse did in 2007, which the country is only just now starting to see signs of recovery from. The cost of a four-year degree has seen increases that surpass inflation and health care costs. Likewise, the amount of student loan debt is now greater than both auto loans and credit card debt. So, the question most frequently asked is, how has this happened? In 1965, the President of the United States Lyndon Johnson signed the Higher Education Act of 1965. This allowed for many things needed in the higher education system, one of them being low interest loans to students who need financial assistance to get through college. This is where the debt problem begins, but does not g et out of control until the most recent past decade. Some of the drastic increase of debt can be contributed to more people going to college, but can also be contributed to state schools receiving less money from their respective states and needing to raise tuition and all other fees to cover the difference. Schools do have other justifiable reasons to raise rates as well, such as utilities, upgrades to the campus upon requests of the student population, employee wages, no one is willing to workShow MoreRelatedHow The Student Loan Debt Crisis Is Undermining Economic And Social Progress Of American Graduates1635 Words   |  7 PagesHow the Student Loan Debt Crisis Is Undermining the Economic and Social progress of American Graduates Currently, higher education is highly valued as a step in achieving success and earnings potential, but attaining a degree comes at a high cost. Although a very valued asset, the cost to attain a college degree for most students includes getting loans, grants from the government, and sometimes even private loans. Most of these loans come at a high price for students as the interest structure forRead MoreThe Nationwide Student Debt Crisis967 Words   |  4 PagesFact or Fiction: The Nationwide Student Debt Crisis In the United States, it is generally accepted that college (or any form of higher education for that matter) is a wise investment that each and every individual should strive for. Each and every year thousands of parents open college funds and future investment plans to ensure that once their child is of age he or she can participate in quality educational programs. While college attendance rates are at a positive all-time high, right behind itRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Crisis Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Loan Debt Crisis What do you think of when you hear the words college graduate? Well, in most scenarios, these words would be exciting to someone that just graduated college who have put in years of hard work and dedication to better educate and promote themselves for their future careers. Sadly enough, this is too far common not the case. In today’s society, students are graduating college with piles of debt at an alarming rate. With a troubled economy that is recovering from a recessionRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081326 Words   |  6 Pagesslowly incorporating direct federal loans but still keeping guarantees in place for the banks. After the financial crisis of 2008, President Obama completely eliminated the middleman and fully implemented direct student loans (Kingkade). Although this stopped large banks from profiting off of government backed loans, it still didn’t reduce the supply of loans or the ease of obtaining them. Availability of Credit As tuition has been on the steady rise, student debt to finance the education has beenRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt Crisis1247 Words   |  5 Pages The Student Loan Debt Crisis Student loan debt has overtime become an unpleasant part of life for millions of Americans and especially borrowers. It is possible to identify the types of people who went through college and borrowed financial loans from those that went through college and did not go to college or those that went but did not borrow. The debt crisis directly affects the families of the borrowers, those with high debt burdens and advanced degrees. Despite the increased length in loanRead MoreStudent Debt Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy1586 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent debt crisis has reached an all time high with debt reaching a total of 1.3 trillion dollars across the United States.With tuition cost increasing,lack of scholarships and unpaid back loans,student debt will continue to increase even higher.The enormous amount of debt put upon each student creates the inability of those students to help the economy grow.Our economy as we know it is a loop and decreasing the student debt significan tly will help the economy grow.Instead of putting that moneyRead MoreStudent Loan Crisis1592 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Loan Crisis Beginning in the 1960’s the distribution of federal and non-profit funds have given students all over the United States the opportunity to pursue post-secondary educations. Although this method has given students the ability to go to college financially, the majority of the students are not able to pay the money back when finished causing debt. Currently students in the United States owe more than $1 trillion dollars worth of federal and private student loans. Surprisingly thisRead MoreStudent Loan Crisis Is A Crisis870 Words   |  4 Pagesthousand dollars in student loans. (Johnson, â€Å"Student Loans†) There is currently a debate about whether or not student loans are a crisis or if this crisis is just a myth. In the article, â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loan Debt Isn’t A Myth,† it describes how student loans are a huge crisis, and the article, â€Å"The Myth of the Student Loan Crisis† is about how college students’ loans do not amount to a crisis. The student loan crisis is a legitimate problem, not a myth. College students do not realize theRead MoreIncome Share Agreements ( Isa )1169 Words   |  5 PagesWith student loan debt becoming increasingly worse year after year, new and potentially better avenues for students to finance a college education are emerging onto the market. In particular, income-share agreements (ISA) have appeared on the scene for a few years now, but not have attempted to modernize the way students pay for college. The big take away from ISA’s is the shift of financial risk from the student to the investor, unlike the traditional government or private loans. A student promisesRead MoreSolving The Student Debt Crisis Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe student debt crisis has reached an all time high with debt reaching a total of 1.3 trillion dollars across the United States.With tuition cost increasing,lack of scholarships and an increase of government loans,student debt will continue to increase.The enormous amount of debt put upon each student creates the inability o f those students to help the economy grow.Our economy as we know it is in shambles and decreasing the student debt significantly will help the economy grow.Instead of debt owers

Hung Liu Essay - 1298 Words

Hung Liu: The Chinese-American Artist By: Daniel Cagape ARTS 2F 10:30AM â€Å"The mind changes, the word changes, time doesnt stay still, history is a verb, it is ongoing, there is no past tense, future tense, history is constant† Hung Liu told interviewer Rachelle Riechart (Riechart). Hung Liu is a Chinese woman who was born in Changchun, China in 1948. She was born during the age which we call the Chinese Cultural Revolution, which heavily impacted her life. She lived in China for 36 years and then left for the United States. She now resides in Oakland, CA, where she teaches art at Mills College (â€Å"A World of Art†). A lot of her artwork is based on photographs and memories she has from China and photographs she’s taken in the United†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"One dancer heard Ebens say explicitly ’It’s because of you motherfu*kers that we’re out of work’† was the accusation he made. Vincent was a young man who was about to get married in a few weeks before he was murdered. His fathe r was a Chinese immigrant who worked hard and owned laundry mats, and later served in the military for his citizenship and was later able to bring his wife and adopted son, Vincent, to the free land (Yung). Hung Liu worked hard with extensive research to find that her fellow Chinese people who had been living in America before her had owned many laundry mats and were very involved in the laundry business. When asked by a college in South Carolina to create a piece for them, she designed clothing and had her family create them and this piece later turned into a memorial for the laundry businesses in the South (Riechart). Figure 1: â€Å"Forbidden City† Figure 1: â€Å"Forbidden City† Another struggle that Hung Liu addressed that might have affected her life in California was that in the 1800s, Chinese women were shipped in and used as prostitutes around San Francisco for miners (Tedford). In 1991 Hung Liu painted the â€Å"Forbidden City†, shown in figure 1, which shows exposed women in the Forbidden City of China. I feel like this painting is called Forbidden forShow MoreRelatedThe Significance Of Mao Zedong s Leadership Essay11407 Words   |  46 PagesDue to Mao’s economic failures his position had weakened. The popularity of Mao started to deteriorate as people began to resent him and factions were formed against him in the Communist Party. In 1959 Mao stepped down as the leader being replaced by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. The new leaders moved towards private ownership from socialism and collectivism. However Mao was still in the picture and remained a key member of the CCP. By 1962 he wanted to get rid of the party and of China’s ca pitalistRead MoreA Brief Overview Of The Cruise Industry913 Words   |  4 Pages(Murphy, 2016). Today, the cruising industry has grown to a modern multimillion leisure and tourism industry, which provides an affordable option of vacation and a level of comfort, which is difficult to match for the average citizen (Chang, Park, Liu, Roh, 2016). In addition, the number of people who cruise has been experiencing a significant increment over the years across the world. Further, the number of cruise companies that compete for the shares of global market has significantly reducedRead MoreMy Personal Theory As A Self Based Learning1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most popular and effective method that has been conducted in education. It has been innovated to facilitate student’s problem-solving and self-directed learning skills, which has been widely illustrated in the field of medical education (Hung, Jonassen, Liu, 2008). PBL theory has spread widely and is used increasingly in t he U.S outside the field of medical education. Since the 1990s, higher education and K-12 settings have adopted PBL as well as variety professional schools have globally appliedRead MoreJaguar or Bluebird Case Study1076 Words   |  5 Pagesnow and when he returns home it is helpful to look ant the three foundational cultural theories of Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Oberg (1960) impact international human resource management could lead to loss of finances or curb turnover (Hung-Wen Lee et al. p.753). These three theories explain how different cultures view appropriate managerial styles and cross-cultural shock from migrating between two cultures and back again. One of the greatest challenges confronting the expatriate isRead MoreDeath of Woman Wang1323 Words   |  6 Pagessufficient information to do their further investigation. There are three main sources of the materials: the Local History of T’an-ch’eng, a personal memoir and handbook written by Huang Liu-hung, and the works of P’u Sung-ling. Among them, the Local History of T’an-ch’eng and the work by Huang Liu-hung were focus on describing villagers’ daily lives, they are made of descriptions of local events and characters’ portions; while P’u Sung-ling’s works were in the category of literature, the storiesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Disorders And Diseases Caused By A Mutation864 Words   |  4 Pagesface hypoplasia (HUNG, C., et.al.2008). The first classification of Achondroplasia was by Dr. Jurgen Spranger, then in 1994 the gene that was found responsible was mapped by Dr. John Wasmuth and thus found to be located on chromosome four; that being said this fact makes the mutation autosomal (Vajo.z, et.al 2000). Achondroplasia, a heredity form of dwarfism, that affects every 1 in 15,00 0- 40,000 live births with most newborns showing the common characteristics of the disorder (LIU, J, et.al.2015)Read MoreThe North China Plain ( Ncp )988 Words   |  4 Pagesjust been completed in the end of 2014. The project 44 is envisaged to alleviate the water pressure in NCP, provide water for the 45 rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystems, and secure a balanced development for the 46 whole nation (Liu and Zheng, 2002; Berkoff, 2003; Gu, et al., 2012). 47 In contrast to the visible â€Å"real† water transfer, an invisible or â€Å"hidden† water 48 movement also takes place between NCP and the rest of the country as well as the 49 other countries. That isRead MoreSecret life of bees 2 and 3 Questions Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesKatherine Liu! Professor Wolterbeek! English 1B! 05/12/2014 Page 1 of 5 KIDD DAY #2 (67-135) †¨ 1. In chapter four and five the reader is introduced to the Boatwright sisters and their home. Find passages that provide a physical description of the sisters, the family dwelling and the honey house. What do these passages reveal about the Boatwright family culture? The first time Lily sees August, she is described as a â€Å"tall, dressed in white, wearing a pith helmet with veils that floated across herRead MoreProject Risk Management Of Information Technology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesprojects. Improving project management remains a primary concern for managers. Successful projects in Information Systems and Technology enables organizations to develop a powerful supply network and improve the capability of operations management (Liu 2015). An important part of risk management is to focus on analysing vulnerabilities and threats to the information resources and deciding what counter measures should be taken to reduce risk (Feng, Wang and Li 2014). Potential risks coverRead MoreSecurity Enhancement Strategies And Strategies1660 Words   |  7 Pages1080/19393550902791440. [4] Ibikunle, Frank. 2011. â€Å"Cloud Computing Security Issues and Challenges,† 2011–2247. [5] Liao, Hung-Jen, Chun-Hung Richard Lin, Ying-Chih Lin, and Kuang-Yuan Tung. 2013. â€Å"Intrusion Detection System: A Comprehensive Review.† Journal of Network and Computer Applications 36 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2012.09.004. [6] Li, Jianxin, Bo Li, Tianyu Wo, Chunming Hu, Jinpeng Huai, Lu Liu, and K. P. Lam. 2012. â€Å"CyberGuarder: A Virtualization Security Assurance Architecture for Green Cloud Computing

In the 21st Century, How Important Is to Be Able to Read, Write and Speak English in Thailand Free Essays

At the present time, English is used widely around the world and also the most spoken official language. Being able to read, write and speak English becomes important for Thai people because of various reasons. English is used in education and in doing business. We will write a custom essay sample on In the 21st Century, How Important Is to Be Able to Read, Write and Speak English in Thailand? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, it is important for Thai children because English is used in education. There are many sources of knowledge written in English such as textbooks or information on the internet. If Thai children can read and write English fluently, they will understand the content which is written in English. They can also express their point of view by writing down. Therefore, children will be able to access to more sources of knowledge. Nowadays, some Thai students go to study overseas. Living in a foreign country, English is very necessary since it is a language which used worldwide. Students must be able to speak English because they have to communicate with foreigners such as their classmates or their teachers. They are also required to read and write English in order to understand the information in textbooks and be able to finish their homework. Moreover, business opportunities for Thai people can be expanded by being able to read, write and speak English. Currently, many foreign companies are established in Thailand. They want the employees who can use English fluently. In foreign companies, they use English as an Interlingua. Companies’ employees have to interact with people in English. They have to read papers and write down everything in English as well. Thus, it is advantageous to Thai people who are able to read write and speak English. For Thai employers, if they are able to speak English, they will have an easier communication with their business counterparts without hiring employ translators. This will cut down the companies’ expenses. Employers can directly negotiate with their counterparts. They can clearly understand each other business deal. In conclusion, it can be seen that English is very essential in Thailand. English is used for educational purposes and expanding business opportunities. Therefore, Thai people should realize that the importance of being able to read, write and speak English in Thailand is very necessary. We should try harder and harder in practices these skills. How to cite In the 21st Century, How Important Is to Be Able to Read, Write and Speak English in Thailand?, Papers

Logistic And Supply Chain Management Of Organization †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Logistic And Supply Chain Management Of Organization. Answer: Introduction In this report, study has been conducted on thelogistic and supply chain management of organization. These both part are the key pillar for the business success of organization. It is evaluated that logistic activities focus on inbound activities or business functioning which are under the boundaries of organizations. Supply chain activities are related to manufacture, supplier and vendors and retailers of company. In the starting of this report, logistic and supply chain management in context with the effective business functioning has been described. After that, inventory management and logistic strategic planning has been described. Afterward, sustainable business practice ofsupply chain management has been taken into consideration. In the end of this report, impact information system and use of cyber computing system of enterprises resources planning has been taken into consideration (Waters and Rinsler, 2014). Logistic and supply chain management (Inventory management and supply chain management It is considered that logistic activities of organization is related to inbound activities or business functioning which are under the boundaries of organizations. Supply chain activities are related to manufacture, supplier and vendors and retailers of company who are indulged in value chain activities of organization. It is evaluated that if company finds that there is scarcity of suppliers in market then it should offer tenders in the market and list of best suppliers who provide raw material at less cost should be selected. However, company could put terms and conditions related to payment of carriage inward and outward in are logistic and supply chain activities. With the help of enterprises resources planning, company could determine the minimum level of stocks and economic orders quantity. In addition to this, adoption of cyber computing system and enterprises resources planning in the logistic and supply chain management will increase the effectiveness and coordination in all the activities (Islam, et al. 2013). Inventory management and strategic planning Inventory management of organization is related to management and supervises the flow of goods and services from the manufacture to warehouse and then to retails department. However, company could use enterprises resources planning to determine the minimum level of stocks and economic orders quantity. In addition to this, by using ERP cyber computing system, company could establish automation in placing orders with vendors and suppliers when the quantity of inventory reaches the minimum quantify in its warehouse. In addition to this, for the better level of inventory management and increasing the effectiveness of organization, company needs to establish proper level of nexus and coordination in all of its inbound activities (Subramanian and Gunasekaran, 2015). Supply chain management in globalized world Global supply chain management is directly linked to the rise of globalization. It is considered that if a company is using parts and services from another factory oversea then has to manage domestic and international business process effectively It has to consider all the activities such as production, supply, warehouse, marketing, distribution activities and transportation activities should be interlinked after evaluating domestic and international factors. Company needs to establish integrated customized supply chain management in which use of technologies, global cost factors and divisional factors of organization will be taken into consideration. However, company has installed cyber computing system to establish proper flow of information between employees to employee, employees to top management and employees to vendors. The globalized supply chain management of organization needs to establish proper communication channel for all the divisions on international level for import and export in all the production, supply, warehouse, marketing, international supply and transportation activities (Mangan and Lalwani, 2016). Sustainable practice in supply chain management Sustainable practice of supply chain management focuses on implementing business activities to reduce the complexity of business and efficient use of resources in determined approach. It is evaluated that company could use proper intergraded supply chain management functioning to increase the overall productivity and effectiveness of business by reducing the associated wastage of natural resources in determined approach. Supply chain management of company should be undergone through internal control system and proper value chain activities in easy and determined approach (Taticchi, et al. 2015). Impact of information technology on supply chain management Company needs to install proper level of cyber computing enterprises resources planning for effectively management of supply chain activities. It is observed that if company could use proper level of upgraded technologies in its supply chain management then it will increase the overall effectiveness of production, supply, warehouse, marketing, distribution activities and transportation activities and reduce the byproducts of organization. In addition to this, the main impact of information technologies would be related to reduce the time and cost involved in supply chain management (Stadtler, 2015). Open ended discussion Logistic and supply chain management activities of organizations are the key pillar for the business success. Logistic activities focuses on implementing proper level of inbound activities, whereas, supply chain activities of company is related to production, supply, warehouse, marketing, distribution and transportation activities. It is evaluated that if company wants to achieve its goals and objective in effective manner then it needs to establish proper level of nexus between logistic and supply chain activities. However, internal control system and proper level of coordination between logistic and supply chain activities is the key strategic planning which could be implemented by organization to increase the productivity and sustainability of business functioning on global level (Fernie and Sparks, 2014). Conclusion Value chain activities of organization are accompanied by logistic and supply chain activities. It is evaluated that productivity of organization on domestic and international level depends upon the effective value chain activities and implemented business functioning. The main point in global business activities is related to management of logistic activities and supply chain and their effectiveness and productivity based on proper level of coordination and nexus between all the value chain activities. References Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Heckmann, I., Comes, T. and Nickel, S., 2015. A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling.Omega,52, pp.119-132. Islam, D.M.Z., Meier, J.F., Aditjandra, P.T., Zunder, T.H. and Pace, G., 2013. Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), pp.3-16. Mangan, J. and Lalwani, C., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Subramanian, N. and Gunasekaran, A., 2015. Cleaner supply-chain management practices for twenty-first-century organizational competitiveness: Practice-performance framework and research propositions.International Journal of Production Economics,164, pp.216-233. Taticchi, P., Garengo, P., Nudurupati, S.S., Tonelli, F. and Pasqualino, R., 2015. A review of decision-support tools and performance measurement and sustainable supply chain management.International Journal of Production Research,53(21), pp.6473-6494. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers.

I am violently warring for peace Essay Example For Students

I am violently warring for peace Essay I am violently warring for peace. I know this is a paradox, and Im rather proud because it is true. Passivity has been a lifelong threat, laziness a constant lure in my search for identity. This world begs me to succumb to existing in the image of someone else, it asks only that I slip silently and blindly into the niche it provides instead of carving my own. I required a long time to work up courage to fight for the serenity I had glimpsed in hot summer woods and in lovingly handled books read late until the early morning. Doubt had established itself in my mind at some early age, when r why I do not know, and I could trust any person or group more than myself. Doubt begat fear, and fear gave birth to obscuring myself from the eyes of the world while I was a child. Now, I am dedicated to the fight, after over five years of fear and immobility. I rejected the easiest way out of life, and demanded truth. I strengthened my body as I strengthened my mind against the attacks I faced. When I was fifteen I started Tae Kwon Do, the martial arts class that was offered through my school. I learned more about blocking, kicking, and punching in the first two weeks of that class than I had known my ntire life. My once powerless body, petite and thin, could knock the wind out of someone with a well placed punch, and I could kick people taller than me in the head. So what I could do, I did, and now my friends instinctively block when they see me grin mischievously in their direction. I am content to know I have taught them something useful. Last spring for the third time in a row, I shakily accepted my teachers hand as he congratulated me on second place in womens division sparring. It was a bittersweet triumph, three times now I have lost to the same girl. She has become an icon for everything I wish to triumph over in this world. She is beautiful, hair like black silk, impeccable taste in clothing,makeup like a Renaissance painting, and average when it comes to everything else. I watch her silently stride into art class on three inch heels, skirt above her knee, no runs in her stockings, and manicured nails smoothing invisible wrinkles from he shirt. I look down at myself, one of my shirt buttons missing, securely replaced with a safety pin, my comfortable green pants provide freedom of movement if little style, and y sturdy black shoes have been with me for three years. I hear my voice laughing almost too loudly, physics notes are sticking out of my sketchbook, and I am well aware of that I am not average. I fight this opponent I have created and what she represents not because she chooses to live her life by the beauty standard, and not because I feel inferior. We are at war because no one outside of Tae Kwon Do class ever sees what she is capable of. They dont know that those perfectly moisturized hands can break through boards or leave your head spinning. No one knows that those eet captured in three inch heeled prisons can leave you hurting for days, bruised where you blocked, bruised and bleeding where you failed to. I fight her because she is a symbol of how I tried to hide myself and my potential. Im tired of being afraid of how the world will respond to me, and I war against the part of myself that would rather just please fashion magazines and popular concepts. Peace comes from accepting my identity, not from hiding it. I will laugh loudly at outside ideas of who I am supposed to be, kick down the opposition to my goals, and I will continue to fight until I have my peace.

How to Use the Powerful Owl-MLA Format to Create a Brilliant Essay

How to Use the Powerful Owl-MLA Format to Create a Brilliant EssayWith the release of the Purdue Owl MLA Format Sample Essay, you can take advantage of these tips to create an awesome essay. Let's take a look at the MLA format first. An MSL or mega-Memorized Long-Term Memory is your personal and official record of everything you've ever learned in school, every game you've ever played, every friend you've ever made, etc.There are two versions of the Owl-MCLA format. One is formatted in a slightly different way than the other version. The first version is the more 'traditional' form of the Owl format. The second version is the more modernist (i.e. 'chic') form that is formatted in a way that resembles the original MSL format.Both versions of the Owl-MCLA format are great for creating a brilliant essay. The main difference between the two versions is in the format of the introduction, body, and conclusion.The first form of the Owl-MCLA format gives you the opportunity to shape your ess ay in a very clear and concise manner. The following paragraphs are designed to be wordy but really do the job with ease. The outline works well to make sure you don't go over your goal.The second version of the Owl-MCLA format will give you the ability to insert paragraphs and still get your message across. There is no need to go over the goals for the essay in this format.The introductory paragraph and body sections have been modified slightly for this version of the Owl-MCLA format. The introduction sentence has been revised and the body section has been rewritten as a more elegant text style. In addition, the introduction sentence has been reformed to make it easier to read and make it more likely to land in the introductory paragraph.The ending paragraph has been created for this version of the Owl-MCLA format. This is actually a long part, so make sure you have enough information to support the ending sentence. Finally, make sure you include the acknowledgments section. With t he Owl-MCLA format, there is more room for creativity.

LEMURS Essays - Lemurs, Ring-tailed Lemur, Ruffed Lemur, Dwarf Lemur

LEMURS Essays - Lemurs, Ring-tailed Lemur, Ruffed Lemur, Dwarf Lemur LEMURS TABLE OF CONTENTS FACTS ABOUT LEMURS3 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LEMURS3-5 HISTORY AND THE LEMUR5 THE ENDANGERED LEMUR6 BIBLIOGRAPHY7 A lemur is a small, monkeylike animal that lives primarily in Madagascar. Their sizes range from about as big as a mouse to as large as a cat. They have a roundish head with a pointed muzzle and large eyes. Their fur is wooly and their legs are longer than their arms. They are nocturnal animals, feasting on mostly plants, small animals, insects and bark. The common enemies of lemurs are humans, the fossa and the banded gymnogene. There are 22 species of lemurs, ranging from the indri lemur, which is the largest lemur at almost 3 feet, to the mouse lemur, a 5 inch lemur that weighs about 2 ounces. The ring tailed lemur is a lemur with a 2 foot tail used to signal other groups of lemurs. They are the only lemurs that spend much time on the ground. They live in groups of up to 30. The ring tailed lemurs live in southern Madagascar. The colors of the ring tailed lemur are black and white. It's enemies are; large birds of prey and fossas. The aye-aye is an almost extinct lemur. It looks like a large cat with bat's ears, beaver's teeth, a middle finger that looks like a twig and huge eyes. It uses it's middle finger to dig for insects and comb its fur. The aye-aye lives on patches of coastland in Madagascar. They are a sleek brownish color. Its enemies are fossas. The indri is the largest lemur. There are many different species of indri. The avahi, verreaux sifaka, diademed sifaka and indris are all indris. They live all over Madagascar. They vary in color. The black lemur is in danger of extinction. One of its subspecies is already extinct. Its body is 16 inches long and its tail is 20 inches long. It can weigh up to five pounds and it lives in north and central Madagascar. It can be dark brown or black. Its enemies are the fossa and the banded gymnogene. There is another species of lemur that is called the brown lemur which is just like the black lemur except it is a little bit more of a brownish color. The mouse lemur is the smallest lemur. It is about the size of a mouse, but otherwise lemur-like. It lives all along the coast of Madagascar. It eats small fruits, blooms, leaves and insects. It's color is a light shade of brown. Owls and fossas are its enemies. There is two different kinds of mouse lemur, the lesser and the coqueral's. A smaller than average lemur, the weasel lemur, lives on the east and west parts of Madagascar. It has big eyes and a small muzzle. It eats mostly fruits and plants. It has a thick and wooly coat of fur and is a brownish maroon color. The enemies of the weasel lemur are owls and nocturnal birds of prey. The mongoose lemur is a very good climber and jumper. It is covered with silky brown fur, similar to a bear. Its enemies are the fossa and the banded gymnogene. Its tail is about twice the size of its body. It lives in northern Madagascar. The Rruffed lemur is a black and white lemur. Its fur is somewhat longer than other lemurs. It lives in families of 2-5 animals. It is a pretty large lemur, bigger than the black lemur. It lives in northeast Madagascar. The red-bellied lemur obviously got its name from its distinct red belly. Its enemies are the fossa and banded gymnogene. It lives in the rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Besides its belly, it is crestnut-brown. The gentle lemurs are a group of short legged, long tailed lemurs. They have long, soft fur and pug-like nostrils. Their enemies are ring tailed lemurs, banded gymnones, Madagascar Buzzards and death adders. They live on the east and west coasts of Madagascar. There are two kinds of gentle lemurs, the broad nosed and the grey. The dwarf lemur is about twice the size of the mouse lemur. Its enemies are owls and fossas. It lives all along the coast of Madagascar. One species of dwarf lemurs, the hairy eared dwarf lemur, is nearly extinct. There are five different kinds

Your First Job Out of College

​Your First Job Out of College Congratulations! You are going to enter the professional environment and start your career. Now your whole life is stretching out before you and you will face a new world of challenges. Remember how big your campus seemed when you arrived as a freshman? There were a lot of unknown people, everything was unfamiliar and challenging. Be ready to feel like a freshman again, now at work. What to Expect from Your First Job You need to be ready that your first job after college wont be your dream career. Sure, it will teach you some immeasurable skills and you will get that so much needed real world experience, but it doesnt mean that youre going to do the things you enjoy most of all. You may not even know what your dream job is. There is a lot of pressure to get a position after graduation because you have such high expectations and not enough practice. Most likely youll have to deal with the routine tasks. Before you get the cool assignments, you need to show your employer that you can handle the simple operations. If you only start searching for a job, this post on how to write a resume with no job experience will be very useful for you. The payment may not also be as you are hoping to get because most entry-level jobs offer entry-level salaries. Thats why think carefully before accepting a job offer, this will be your income for the next year or at least several months. For this reason, you should get to know effective salary negotiation tactics for college students. All in all, you have to realize that the point of your first employment is to try out different responsibilities, types of work to understand what you absolutely love. Linkedin has recently posted the list of the most popular first jobs based on resumes. How to Make the Most of a New Workplace Experience Your attitude to a new job will determine whether your experience will be a positive and fruitful one. Here are some practical tips and strategies to take the mostrld of grown-up opportunities: Approach every task with enthusiasm. You need to deal with all the tasks and duties in a confident and efficient manner. Apply the â€Å"can do† approach on a regular basis, be attentive to details and dont forget to smile. Be a team player. Treat other people positively and demonstrate how well you can communicate. Youll work much better altogether and succeed faster which is essential for every business. Keep learning new things. Always look for the opportunities to improve your knowledge. Learn new things, develop essential skills and youll be amazed at how fast you grow. Join professional groups. Attend meetings, training sessions, join national and regional groups to share your experience and develop professionally. Find a mentor. A good mentor will greatly help you after graduation by keeping you motivated and focused all the time. Find someone you admire and ask them to help you at the early stages. Offer to help others. If you have some free time and know how to help your co-workers with some tasks, suggest your assistance. Youll cast yourself in a positive light. Building relationships at your first job is very important. Check out the ways to build relationships with colleagues at your first job. Make Sure to Avoid the Common Mistakes This is going to sound almost impossible, but try to make your first job experience ideal. New graduates always make the mistakes when they are facing a tough job market, so to have a better chance of success, you need to overcome the common problems. Here are some really useful pieces of advice that will turn your first job into a really effective and memorable â€Å"adventure†: Be proactive enough – dont sit back being casual in your work. Dont rely solely on the Internet, take advantage of networking and cooperation with colleagues. Never focus on searching a dream job, instead look for your first job. Try not to set expectations too high. Dont waste time and start making useful connections. Avoid looking unprofessional – delete all â€Å"three Bs† photos (beer, bongs, bikinis) from your profile page. Youll only have one first job, so make everything possible not to turn it into a nightmare. Remember to have fun, make new friends and youll have an exciting and positive professional experience!

LASA 2 - The Case For or Against New Orleans Study

LASA 2 - The For or Against New Orleans - Case Study Example Objectives This research and case study aims to establish the facts about the damages caused by Hurricane Katrina, considering both the short-term losses as well as the long-term potential losses in the event that nothing or little is done to reconstruct and prevent a similar calamity. On the basis of facts, it also aims to discover advantages and disadvantages, risks and opportunities of substantial investments which will be required to allow New Orleans to prevent another level-5 disaster. Finally, a Cost-Benefit Analysis will be formulated to arrive at a recommended decision about the budget that should be allocated for the reconstruction. Alternative Courses of Action A. Proceed with funding the ongoing development of New Orleans until Level 5 standards are achieved. B. Cut down the funding and stagger developments in New Orleans. C. Stop funding the NOLA development. Areas of Consideration and Analysis Risks Involved By reconstructing the levee with a standard capable of withsta nding a Level 5 hurricane similar to Katrina, the substantial productivity of New Orleans will not be stopped as it did when 400,000 people evacuated the place and 124,000 lost their jobs. ... Costs and Benefits What are the costs and benefits of the New Orleans Flood Protection System, according to Hallegatte, Stephanie (2005)? As to the effects of climate change, it includes the increase of intensity in the power of hurricanes (p.5). This implies a greater need for stronger and higher levees to protect New Orleans against another major flood. The estimated cost from the viewpoint of local officials was $ 32 billion. Another estimate which considered loss of human lives and the views of insurance companies amounted to $ 30 billion. Hallegatte admitted that the basis for calculating the justifiable budget was not solidly grounded (p.4). This was apparently due to a failure to consider the productivity of people in the area which would cease to be delivered if the workers of New Orleans decide not to be established in New Orleans. In a study of workers’ productivity, the report cited that Americans are most productive on the average per worker. Each one can produce à ¢â‚¬Å"$63,885 of wealth per year, more than their counterparts in all other countries, the International Labor Organization said in its report. Ireland comes in second at $55,986, followed by Luxwmbourg at $55,641, Belgium at $ 55,235 and France at $ 54,609.† according to Klapper, Bradley S. (2007) of Associated Press. This opportunity loss should be the major basis for deciding to what extent New Orleans should be rebuilt, for the simple reason that $63,885 x 124,000 people who lost their jobs = $ 7.9 billion per year. In 130 years, which is the number of years it might take before another major flood tries to destroy a reconstructed New Orleans, the workers of New Orleans will have produced $ 1.027 Trillion worth of wealth for the USA. In another report about

Case study 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study 1 - Assignment Example odd was not expecting such swift response from the client, therefore asked them that she’ll review the organizational history first; in this way she kept herself from embarrassment and also saved firm’s reputation. Todd discussed this matter with the President but got a message indirectly that whether do this task or leave the firm. Todd had to now implement CQI and other essential organizational development changes in client’s firm. Kindred Todd is basically facing three kinds of dilemmas. The first dilemma lies within herself; Todd is taking circumstances very seriously and is in a conflict within .The second dilemma is that she is not confident enough. She has recently graduated from the university and her first assigned client for organizational development needs proficient systems invasion. Todd feels that she is not the right person for the job. The third dilemma is that Todd feels that she lacks competency. She had no previous experience in continuous quality improvement so she believes that she needs guidance, assistance and proficiency in CQI first. I would have accepted this task gladly as this could be the first career jump. Continuous quality improvement cannot be implemented without examining firm’s organizational behaviour and previous practices. I would have undergone the organization’s current systems and previous track record. In depth study of total quality management and CQI is necessary in this regard, so I would have deeply studied the concepts first. I would use my contacts in the industry; senior college fellows and teacher’s assistance. Assistance of CQI experts would give a competitive edge and by understanding the concepts and its practical implementation; I would have implemented CQI in the firm. I would have never left the consulting firm as they have given me the opportunity to make my first major career move. I would regard President’s decision for assigning this task to me and make sure to bring success and triumph

Definition Of Test Types Of Test Education Essay

Definition Of Test Types Of Test Education Essay This chapter provides an overview of the theories related to the study concerning with items test analysis. To be more specific, the review of related literature discusses about: definition of test, types of test, achievement test, summative test, English test of Tes Kendali Mutu, aspects in developing a test, validity in language testing, content validity, the school based curriculum, items test analysis, difficulty level, discrimination power, distractor function, and theoretical framework. Definition of Test A test supposed to be able to measure learning outcome which distinguish the every single students ability between students already mastered and not yet the learning material. Therefore, testing is one of the powerful tools to measure students abilities as well as enhance their attitudes towards learning. This notion is supported by Hughes (2003) stated that a test is a tool to measure language proficiency of students. Brown (2004:3) stated that a test is a method of measuring a persons ability knowledge, or performance in a given domain. In the same line, Anthony J Nitko (1983:6) defined test is systematic procedure for observing and describing one or more characteristics of person with the aid of either a numerical of category system. Based on Cronbach in Azwar (2005) defined a test is a systematic procedure for observing a persons behavior and describing it with the aid of a numerical scale or category system. In short, a test as an instrument of evaluation is a systematic procedure of description, collection and interpretation in order to measure the test takers achievement ability, knowledge, and performance what they have been learned in learning process and to get a value judgment. The purpose of a test is able to give the valid information on the students abilities and knowledge. Hence, the successfulness of the teaching and learning can be seen in the tests results. Types of Test A test can be classified based on the types of information they provide. Based on Wilmar Tinambunan in his book with the entitled Evaluation of Students Achievement (1998: 7-9), the four types of test are placement test, formative test, diagnostic test, and summative test. The language tests have different kinds of purposes. Baily (1998) hold that there are eight kinds of language assessment. They are aptitude test, language dominance test, proficiency test, admission test, placement test, diagnostic test, progress test, and achievement test. Based on different classification of several types of tests described from any experts of language testing depending on variable purposes in testing if related to this study that the types of tests that will be reviewed and used is achievement test and summative test. Achievement Test Achievement test are directly related to language courses, their purposes being to establish how successful individual students, groups of students, or the courses themselves have been achieving objectives. In the book of Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics that written by Jack C. Richard (1992:3), he said that an achievement test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned with reference to particular course of study or program of instruction. In the same line, Brown (2004) defined an achievement test is to see how far students achieve materials addressed in a curriculum within a particular time frame. It means that an achievement test is to measuring students achievement learning outcome which is administered at the end of course of study. The scope of test content must that represents the course they are concerned. Summative Test Summative test is an achievement test administrated at the end of a course or unit of instruction. Brown (2004) mentioned that final exam in a course is example of summative test. Summative test is intended to show the standard that the students have now reached in relation to other students at the same stage. Thus summative test is conducted to find out overall learning outcome after set of learning units program already done. Summative test is commonly designed based on subject matter that had been already taught for one semester. Consequences of a test that emphasize the overall learning outcomes is its substance of scope involve all of material have been delivered. The result of summative test is to determine successful in learning and teaching, whether or not the students are able to follow the higher level of next instruction program, and students progress. In the final, the level of success rate is stated with a score or value which written in the form of report card. English test of Tes Kendali Mutu Tes Kendali Mutu is a name of appliance evaluates administered at SMKN 26 Jakarta after teaching and learning process for measuring how far purpose of students learning and teachers teaching achievement reached. As in final semester examination, according to Regulation Minister of National Education No. 20/2007, it is carried out to measure students competency achievement at the end of the semester. It can be said that Tes Kendali Mutu is administrated at each final in learning and teaching process in the period one semester and its scope includes all the indicators that represent all the basic competence at that semester. All groups of subject are tested in order to evaluate learning outcome including an English subject. The format of English test of Tes Kendali Mutu of first grade school year 2011/2012 at SMKN 26 Jakarta is written test with objective multiple choice items. Total number English items test of Tes Kendali Mutu is 50 items test which including listening and reading sk ill. Listening skill consists of 15 items test number and reading skill consists of 35 items test number. In reading skill, there are three reading section which consists of first section was 15 incomplete short dialogue items; second section was 5 items error recognition; and third section was 15 questions of reading comprehension which divided into different 5 of reading texts. Aspects in Developing a Test In order to know criteria of a good test for measuring students ability has been reached in learning process, a test as an instrument of evaluation has to meet requirements the validity, reliability, and practicality. As stated by Brown (2004), there are three important aspects should reflect in a test, namely validity, reliability, and practicality. Gronlund (1998) pointed out that validity is the extent to which inferences made from assessment results are appropriate, meaningful and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment. Validity has to do with the information that the uses in class, it has to be appropriate for the students level, the purpose of the class, and if the meaning of the materials used in class are for the students. In term of achievement test, it can be valid if it is accurate, authentic or valid has been able to measure students learning outcomes achieved, after they achieved the learning process in a certain period. Reliability is consistent and dependable . A test is called reliable if the same test is given to the same students on two different occasions and its tests should yield similar results. Practicality means an effective test. A test should be efficient and easy to be implemented. Since the focus of analysis was merely on one aspect of language test, it did not require to be observed as in the other aspects as reliability and practicality Validity in Language Testing Validity is the most important characteristic of a test or assessment technique because it measures what it purports to measure. Without good validity, all else is lost. In the J.B. Heatons book, Writing English Language Test (1998:153), Heaton said that the validity of a test is the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure and nothing else. For example, if the teacher wants to measure the speaking skills, the test that is developed must be able to measure the ability to speak, not writing skills. Further, as insisted by Gronlund in Brown (2004: 22) the extent to which inferences made from assessment result are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment. There is no final absolute to measure the validity of a test established but several different kinds of evidence may be invoked in support. Arikunto (2006:65) mentioned two types of validity. They are empirical validity and logical validity. Empirical validity is as same as quantit ative analysis. It consists of concurrent validity and predictive validity whereas the logical validity consists of content validity and construct validity. However, the writer only focused its investigating on content validation because this study dealt with logical validity that is a way of reviewing in rational by using descriptive analysis method and thus got involved with qualitative inquiries. Beside, because of the limitation in time and the other aspects in validity need the expert judges. Content Validity A test has content validity that relates the evidence to the content of the test. The content is related to the goal of what has been taught. Fulcher Davidson (2007) defined content validity as any attempt to show that the content of the test is a representative sample from the domain that is to be tested. In the same line, Hughes (2003) said that a test is said to have content validity if its content constitutes a representative sample of language skills and structures, etc. with which meant to be concerned. For example, a grammar tests, it must be made up of items relating to the knowledge or control of grammar. In relation to tests content validity in this study, tests content should be tested in accordance with the target competencies which reflected on Standar Kompetensi-Kompetensi Dasar in view of the school based curriculum to be achieved. These Standar Kompetensi-Kompetensi Dasar broken down into skills or behaviors that can be measured called indicator. In short, content validity is arranged based on the content in subject that evaluated. Because those subjects are taught written in curriculum, it can be often called curricular validity. According to John A. Upshur (1996:63), content-related evidence of validity is assessed logically by carefully and systematically examining whether the method and content of the assessment procedure are representative of the kinds of language skill. It means that evidence of content-related validity requires the panel discussion as primary method to determine whether a test has content validity or not. In the panel discussion, the expert judges who considered having knowledgeable to do with the subjects tested. They asked to make judgments about the appropriateness of each item and overall coverage of the domain. The School Based Curriculum As cited in the National Education Standards (SNP) section 1 (15), School Based Curriculum is operational curriculum that developed and implemented by each educational unit. The developing of curriculum conducted by each educational unit has to follow based on the standard competence and the basic competence which is designed by Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP). It means that each educational unit is given the authorities in developing their curriculum. Its curriculum is designed as a reference in using the materials, teaching and learning techniques. Based on Regulation Minister of National Education no. 41/2007, The standard competence means minimum competency qualification for student which show mastery of knowledge, behavior, and skill of student which expected to be achieved in each level and/or each semester of certain subject whereas the basic competence means as a number of abilities that should be mastered by students in certain subject as a reference in developing i ndicator of competency. Based on the school based curriculum, the standard competences and the basic competences of English in Vocational High School is divided into three different level which are level novice, level elementary, and level intermediate. In relation to this study, there is one Standard Competence and eight Basic Competences of English in Vocational High School for Level Novice. The Standard Competence is Berkomunikasi dengan Bahasa Inggris setara Level Novice. Then, the eight Basic Competences of English in Vocational High School for Level Novice are 1.1 Memahami ungkapan-ungkapan dasar pada interaksi sosial untuk kepentingan kehidupan; 1.2 Menyebutkan benda-benda, orang, ciri-ciri, waktu, hari, bulan, dan tahun; 1.3 Mendeskripsikan benda-benda, orang, ciri-ciri, waktu, hari, bulan, dan tahun; 1.4 Menghasilkan tuturan sederhana yang cukup untuk fungsi-fungsi dasar; 1.5 Menjelaskan secara sederhana kegiatan yang sedang terjadi; 1.6 Memahami memo dan menu sederhana, jadwal perjalanan kendaraan umum, dan rambu-rambu lalu lintas; 1.7 Memahami kata-kata dan istilah asing serta kalimat sederhana berdasarkan rumus; and 1.8 Menuliskan undangan sederhana. The English subject itself put in the adaptive group that provides students the ability in the English communication in the context of material related to the majors need either spoken or written. Also, English subject also directs students to be able in speaking in daily communication based on global requirement and developing communication at higher level. As stated in the curriculum that English subject aim for the learners to master basic knowledge and skills to support the achievement of English language competency skills program and apply skills and mastery of English language skills to communicate both verbally and written at the intermediate level. Items Test Analysis The activity aims at increasing quality of a test called item test analysis. Nitko (1996:308) stated that item analysis refers to the process of collecting, summarizing, and using information about individual test items especially information about pupils response to items. Item test analysis is used to identify quality of the test whether it is good, low or not good. As stated by Anastasi and Urbina (1997:184), the main aim of item analysis of the teacher made test is to identify its deficiencies. In conducting item test analysis, two methods are able to be used, namely qualitative and quantitative analysis. As stated by Suyata (2009:16), items test can be analyzed by quantitative or empirical and qualitative or theoretical. Item test analysis in terms of qualitative covers the content of a test while difficulty level, discrimination power and distractors function involved quantitative analysis. In the same line, Purwanto (1992) said that by making analysis, it can be known the impo rtant things of every single item obtained, the extent to which difficulty level, whether item has discrimination power, and whether all alternative answer (options) attract the answer. The more explanation about difficulty level, discrimination power, and distractors function are as below: Difficulty Level Aiken (1994: 66) said that Difficulty Level is the opportunity correct answer a question at a certain skill level. It is usually expressed in the form of an index which has proportion range 0,00 1,00. If the item test has 0,00 of Difficulty Level Index, it means that no students who answer correctly. While if the item test has 1,00 of Difficulty Level Index, it means that student can answer correctly. In short, the higher of Difficulty Level Index, the easier of item test is understood and vice versa. Based on Crocker Algina (1986) in calculating the item difficulty, divide the number of people answering the item correctly by the total number of people answering item. The proportion for the item is usually denoted as P and is called item difficulty. Arikunto (2006:207) explained that a good test is about not too easy or too difficult. The easy test is not able to stimulate students learning. Contrary, the difficult test is able to make students desperate because of out of their rea ch. As cited by Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Direktorat Jendral Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Atas (2008) in Panduan Analisis Butir Soal, The prediction information about the easy item test is as follow: The distractor function doesnt work well, Most students answer those item tests correctly; it means most students have understood the content in question. The prediction information about the difficult item test is as follow: Item tests maybe have mistake a key answer, Item tests have two or more the correct answers, The content in question hasnt been taught yet or hasnt finished in its learning so that the minimum competency student have doesnt achieved yet, Unsuitable measured content using format given in the item test, Statement or item sentence is too complex and long. Discrimination Power Discrimination Power refers to measurement of the extent of the ability of items of achievement test to distinguish between students high answers and students low answers based on criteria. This notion is supported by Arikunto (2006:211), Discrimination Power is items ability to distinguish between students who are good and low capable. The proportion range of Discrimination Power Index is from -1,00 to +1,00. The higher of Discrimination Power Index, the more capable the item test distinguish between students who had already understood and hadnt already understood the content. An item test has negative Discrimination Power Index ( As cited by Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Direktorat Jendral Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Atas (2008) in Panduan Analisis Butir Soal, The prediction information about disability item test to distinguish lower and upper student group is as follow: Inappropriate key answer of item Item tests have two or more the correct answers Unclear of measured competency The distractor function doesnt work well, The content in question is too difficult, so many students are guessing. Distractors Function Distractor function is meant to know work or not the answer of item. Arikunto (2006:220) stated a distractor function works well if it at least selected 5% by test taker. This analysis is only used to analyze multiple choice item tests. Theoretical Framework In order to answer the research questions of this study, English items test analysis of Tes Kendali Mutu of first grade school year 2011/2012 at SMKN 26 Jakarta is reviewed in terms of: (1) the relevance of English items tests content to the school based curriculum for level novice of Vocational High School; (2) validity; (3) difficulty level; (4) discrimination power; and (5) the distractor function. In relation to tests content validity in this study, qualitative analysis is used by analyzing items test in reference to the aspects of test validity. Measuring the validity of a test, the English items test of Tes Kendali Mutu must contain proper sample of relevant material in learning. The relevant material in learning can be found in the syllabus and curriculum for level novice of Vocational High School which is School-based Curriculum (KTSP). In order to answer whether English test of Tes Kendali Mutu has content validity, the writer needs Standar Kompetensi and Kompetensi Dasar in the school based curriculum to compare and match its items with the relevant syllabus and curriculum. Furthermore, in order to support in answering the research question of this study, quantitative was conducted by using classical items test analysis through multiple choice test involving Difficulty Level, Discrimination Power, Distractor Function, and Validity. They are also considered to fulfill requirement criteria of quality a good test.