Foxconn Suicides

Apple Inc. the designer and maker of electronic products found itself in the middle of a scandal that was formed within its organizational ecosystem (Daft, 2012, p. 71). Starting in January 2010 employees at Foxconn an electronics manufacturer in China began to take their own lives in an attempt to bring attention to the poor working conditions, overcrowding, and long work hours (Daft, 2012, p. 108). These events are an example of actions or events that can originate within the international dimension of the external environment (Daft, 2012, p. 7). This event not only challenges the global mindset of the management within Apple, it forced the management to decide how the company wanted the public to continue to view it (Daft, 2012, p. 106). How will Apple’s management deal with the unethical practices at Foxconn? Apple’s management will benefit by applying the normative strategy in solving this ethical dilemma. By applying, the normative strategy Apple’s manageme nt can begin the process of solving this ethical dilemma by asking themselves the following questions. What's in it for me? What decision would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number? What rules, policies, or social norms apply? What are my obligations to others? What will be the long-term impact for myself and important stakeholders (Daft, 2012, p. 147)? In addition to the normative strategy, Apple’s managers can use a technique called stakeholder mapping, which would consider everyone’s needs, expectations, and importance (Daft, 2012, p. 151). Next, add in the model for evaluating Foxconn’s social performance by use of the following criteria’s: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary, and finally the use of Apple’s written code of ethics will give Apple’s managers a starting point in which to evaluate and determine which course of action they will take to solve this ethical decision caused at Foxconn (Daft, 2012). Apple’s ethics problem with their contract manufacturer Foxconn forced the management into a non-programmed decision (Daft, 2012, p. 71). There are three types of decision models that Apple had at their disposal, the three models are classical, administrative, and political. The political model is used to make non-programmed decisions (Daft, 2012, p. 279). This decision model still required the Apple’s management team to use the six steps in managerial decision making which are: recognition decision requirement, diagnosis and analysis of the causes, development of alternatives, selection of desired alternatives, and mplementation of chosen the alternative (Daft, 2012, p. 282). The outcomes from these decision models and tools resulted in a supplier code of conduct. This document details the expectations that Apple expects from their suppliers. Within this document list: working conditions, safety concerns, and labor issues (Duhigg ; Barboza 2012). Foxconn improved working conditions, installed suicide nets, placed latches on the windows, and added jump prevention wire (Fallows, 2012). In addition to these life-saving steps, Foxconn agreed to hire thousands of additional workers in an effort to reduce overtime work hours, and they also improved housing and safety protocols (Reuters, 2012). Although improvements have been made at Foxconn, Apple must continue to apply pressure on Foxconn to resolve all of their unethical practices. Apple will have to pay close attention to who they use as contractors so that their public image do not suffer. Events in China during the year 2010 embarrassed the electronics maker Apple, Inc. These events forced Apple’s managers to make managerial decisions about ethical practices employed by an outside vendor. The managers at Apple Inc used a number of decision-making models and tools to resolve the ethical issues at Foxconn. In result of these decisions, working conditions, safety protocols, living conditions, and working hours improved.

A Life in the Day of Juan Ponce Enrile

A life in the day of Juan Ponce Enrile By Bibeth Orteza, Philippine Daily Inquirer 26 February 2012 Source: http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/151905/a-life-in-the-day-of-juan-ponce-enrile (Editor’s Note: The author set out to observe a day in the life of her husband’s uncle, Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, as he presides over what is one of the most important trials in the country’s history—the impeachment of the Supreme Court Chief Justice. Graciously welcomed by her subject into his home and allowed to tag along to the trial, she came away with much more than just the details of a daily routine.The star of the moment obliged her with a sometimes tearful recollection of his life, enough material perhaps for a scriptwriter like the author and a director like her husband Carlitos Siguion-Reyna to turn into a riveting movie. ) 8:15 a. m. THE MAN of the house is still in his bedroom. Sally Moneda, his cook and personal assistant of 26 years, reminds his clos e-in aide, Julius Gumban, not to take away the newspaper as â€Å"he has not read Bernas [constitutionalist Fr. Joaquin Bernas, SJ, who writes an opinion column in the Inquirer–Ed]. The books under the stairs include the New King James Version of the Holy Bible (quick reference edition); â€Å"Spiritual Politics† by Gordon McLaughlin and Gordon Davidson; â€Å"His Excellency, George Washington† by Joseph J. Ellis; â€Å"1,000 Places to See Before You Die† by Patricia Schultz; and â€Å"The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World† by Joel Krieger. Also â€Å"Presidential Plunder, the Quest for the Marcos Hidden Wealth† and â€Å"Struggle and Hope,† both by Jovito R. Salonga, right next to five books written by Ferdinand E.Marcos during his martial law years. On the flyleaf of â€Å"The Marcos Years,† the former president had handwritten a dedication to the man who would remain his secretary of national defense until 1986 when a People’s Power revolt, aided and abetted by the latter, toppled his dictatorship. â€Å"Sept. 10, 1972, on the eve of my birthday To Johnny, who has contributed to the achievements of the Marcos years in a large way. † 8:25 a. m. Bing Rosales, sent to study reflexology for two years after showing aptitude for the therapy, leads her boss down the stairs. He’s good to us, so we pray that nothing bad happens to him,† she says. â€Å"Good morning, good morning! † exclaims Juan Ponce Enrile. First, his blood pressure is checked. It is normal at 126/60, from a high of 190/90 the previous afternoon. It shoots up every now and then so he has to take maintenance medication. He really should sleep early but just the other day, he didn’t hit the sack until 4 a. m. , he says. His bedtime varies, depending on the amount of reading he feels he has to do because, he says, he has to study and weigh things as well as he can. You see, I am not the court. Th e Senate is the court,† he says. â€Å"I sign the subpoenas, but I need the permission of the court. There is equal weight among the rights of the respondents, the policy of government, the impact of the decision on the public, on the business sector, on everybody. (If we) block disclosures on the basis of loyalties, the public will think we are covering up. People don’t really know the law as much as they do their doubts and their suspicions. 8:30 a. m. Breakfast is a sausage with a dab of mustard.Sometimes it’s a bowl of oatmeal, eaten with inihaw na pusit (dried squid), or rice with scrambled eggs and tuyo (dried fish). Some mornings it is pan de sal (roll) with cheese. Enrile is told this paper has referred to him and defense counsel Serafin Cuevas as the â€Å"superstars† of the ongoing trial. He shrugs, â€Å"I don’t know what that infers. † He likes to pore over his cases alone, he says, and tests the validity of the opinions of other s against his own study of all the issues involved. â€Å"I make my own trial brief,† he adds.In the years when he was practicing law, he says, he would first check a case for any violations against the Constitution, and then study the laws that could apply, given the facts, the pleading or the complaint. â€Å"I was fortunate to have met brilliant minds in and out of court,† he recalls, such as Vicente Francisco, Jose W. Diokno, Alberto Jamil, Rod Jalandoni, Claudio Teehankee, among others. At 88, he can still name his professors at the University of the Philippines College of Law where he received his law degree in 1953. Jose Espiritu for corporation law, Emiliano Navarro for criminal law, Enrique Fernando for constitutional law, Peping Campos for negotiable instruments law, Norberto Quisumbing for trial technique, Bienvenido Ambion for torts and damages, Mrs. Laurea—I forget her first name (it’s Norberta)—for contract law and family relations, J uan T. Santos, â€Å"who   made us memorize the Rules of Court from cover to cover, my goodness. † He asks Sally for coffee and continues, â€Å"My grades were good, but I didn’t become a bar topnotcher.I answered the exam questions both ways, and for that I got minuses. † Enrile placed 11th, with a rating of 91. 72 percent, in the 1954 bar examinations. If that’s not impressive enough, consider this: He got a perfect score in commercial law. An argument with professor Vicente Abad Santos caused him a â€Å"3† in civil law. â€Å"I didn’t know he was so sensitive. That was five units so bumaba ang average ko (that lowered my average grade),† recalls the man who would have graduated magna cum laude of the UP College of Law class of 1953 but had to settle for cum laude.When student and teacher met again, it was as secretary of the Department of Justice and head of the Board of Pardons and Parole, respectively. â€Å"I gave you a low grade even if you deserved a higher one because you so irritated me,† Enrile recollects Abad Santos telling him. â€Å"Never mind, I am now your boss,† he recalls answering. â€Å"We then became friends. † All his teachers, he says, were good to him, including the ones at Harvard University where, on full scholarship, he earned his Master of Laws with specialization in taxation and corporate reorganization. 9 a. m. I do not wish them to mark me absent at the legislative session,† he says, so he leaves home earlier than most people would expect since the impeachment trial doesn’t start until well after lunch. After taking some time to read the briefs and curriculum vitae of two ambassadors scheduled to pay him a courtesy visit this day, he breaks his silence. â€Å"I never expected to amount to anything. † For a caminero (laborer) like him who made 75 centavos a day smashing rocks on the road from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m. , to be able to get a good e ducation was nothing short of a miracle, he says. At the Harvard Law School, studies attered to him more than anything else. Again, Enrile is able to recall his graduate school professors: Paul Freund for constitutional law and conflict of laws (â€Å"one of the brightest professors ever at Harvard†), Milton Katz for international law (â€Å"he became the director of the Economic Cooperation Administration or the US Marshall Plan in Europe†), law school dean Erwin Griswold for basic courses in income taxation, Stanley Surrey for international taxation (â€Å"he became US Treasury assistant secretary†). â€Å"For corporate reorganization I had Ernest Brown. I could not understand a thing he was saying [in class],† recalls Enrile. My God, I did not know accounting at all! So I forthrightly admitted I had a problem following him. † The professor lent him two books and told him to come back only after he had read the books. â€Å"I did exactly that, an d only then did everything sink in,† Enrile says. â€Å"That was when I learned what corporate reorganization really entailed. † While at Harvard, the Ilocano scholar received a monthly allowance of $170. He managed to have $700 in savings by the end of his stay. â€Å"I didn’t go out much, except for few times with Paeng Salas, Ado Reyes and sometimes Beniting Legarda,† he says.At the time, too, his romance with a girl from Iloilo had just ended. â€Å"Her letters simply stopped,† he says. â€Å"I presumed she had found someone. I presumed wrong. I would find out she never married and that, shortly before she died, she wanted to see me. † He didn’t have to nurse a broken heart for long. While in Massachusetts he met a girl from Costa Rica and, shortly thereafter, marriage was being discussed. â€Å"Her condition was for us to live in her country, where her family had sizable land holdings,† recalls Enrile. â€Å"I said no. I h ad just met my father. He was as happy as I was to meet him.How could I agree to live in Costa Rica? † 9:20 a. m. Enrile swings by the legislative session in the same hall where he is to preside later and is marked â€Å"present. † Senate President Pro Tempore Jose â€Å"Jinggoy† Estrada is presiding over a group that includes Vicente Sotto III, Franklin Drilon, Gregorio Honasan, Ralph Recto, Joker Arroyo, Ramon Revilla Jr. , Antonio Trillanes IV, Manuel Villar, Manuel Lapid, Alan Peter and Pia Cayetano, Teofisto Guingona III, and Francis Escudero. Out of their robes the senators are easily recognizable. Senator-judge Juan Ponce Enrile as presiding officer at the Corona impeachment trial.INQUIRER file photo A short elevator ride takes Enrile to the Office of the Senate President, which has been his since the 14th Congress started in November 2008. He responds to morning salutations from employees not by merely nodding but by verbalizing a hearty â€Å"magandang umaga rin! † In his office, there is time for chitchat before the diplomat guests arrive. He knows exactly where he is in the conversation, so much so that one has to interrupt him and ask how he keeps his focus. He seems taken aback by the question, as if wondering why his focus is a concern. He answers nonetheless. Even before I sleep, I anticipate what is to come, what I’m to encounter. I make up my mind about certain decisions, the direction I’m going to take, and that’s it—unless someone can persuade me to the contrary. But I do not close my mind. I am not against hearing other positions. I need to be sure I am not making an error in judgment when I arrive at my present position. † 10:45 a. m. The diplomats arrive, and Enrile receives them in the conference room adjacent to his private quarters. After an hour, he returns with a brisk stride that says so much about his morning exercises and calisthenics. I sometimes dance, even by myself, while watching a dance DVD. I sweat and I get to stretch,† he says. â€Å"Every now and then I drop by the 365 Club at the Hotel Intercon. It’s no longer what it was in the days of Ka Doroy [then dean of newspapermen Teodoro Valencia–Ed. ] and Mesiong Yabut [former mayor of Makati–Ed. ], but I still have friends there. My sister Armida is also a member. † The relationship with Armida Siguion-Reyna has an interesting back story. The boy who was given his mother Petra’s family name, Furraganan, found out who his father was while he was getting ready to join the guerrillas in the last World War. Anakka iti ruar. Ponce ti nagan ti tatang mo. Maysa nga abogado. Awan ditoy, adda didiay Manila,† his mother had confessed to him in Ilocano. (You are my child out of wedlock. Ponce is your father’s name. He is a lawyer. He is not here, he is in Manila. ) From that day on, Juanito went by the nom-de-guerre Valentin Ponce, the first after his day of birth, which is Feb. 14, and the second, in honor of his father. Juanito had two older brothers Eduardo and Eligio, sons of his mother by her first husband Martin Paddayuman, who died early.He also has five younger siblings from his mother’s marriage to Macario Rapada of Ilocos Sur. They were Marciana, Melanio, Luisa, Juliana and Ireneo. The family tree gets more complicated. One day he was invited to the home of Vicente Alvarado, his father’s neighbor in Aparri. â€Å"There I was introduced, without any warning, to Nena, Teresing, Edeng, and Carmeling,† says Enrile. The girls, it turned out, were his father’s children by Rosario Martinez of Cagayan, along with a son named Mario, whose boat had been torpedoed by the Japanese on his way back to Manila to marry his girl.So there before him were four more Ponce-Enriles. Soon he would find out about Nancy, another half-sibling from their father’s liaison with Maria Balisi of Aparri. As far as h e knew then, he had seven half-siblings by his mother and six by his father, whom he had never met. 11:50 a. m. Executive Assistant Tala Maralit walks in with Majority Floor Leader Tito Sotto. Enrile waves the senator in and they huddle. Senator Trillanes comes in next, with a procedural question. It’s a short, quite cordial exchange. 12 noon The Senate President is not one to lunch alone.Four others join him for a Chinese meal of clear soup, steamed garoupa, steamed shrimps, crabs with black-bean sauce and bok choy sprinkled with garlic. He continues with his recollection. â€Å"So I had met some paternal siblings. † Late in August of 1945, Alvarado returned from Manila, with a message for Juanito. â€Å"My father wished to see me, and I was to go with him to Manila at once,† recalls Enrile. In the city, he was brought to a house in Sta. Mesa. After a week, he still had not heard from the father who he had been told wanted so badly to meet him.He would soon dis cover that one of his roommates, William Balisi, was a full brother of the same Nancy whom he met in Aparri. William was therefore also his half brother. William whispered to the young probinsyano that he had disappointed their father, which was why he was doing errands in that household, in addition to holding a day job at the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. â€Å"Don’t be like me,† Enrile recalls William telling him. â€Å"You study hard. † William then informed his younger half-brother that there had been a misunderstanding of sorts and it didn’t look like the Sta.Mesa Ponce-Enriles were going to introduce Johnny to their father. Johnny would have to go see the old man on his own, but how? He hardly knew his way around town. â€Å"Listen carefully now, this is the way to Papa’s office,† William instructed him. From Sta. Mesa, all the way to Legarda, to Azcarraga (Recto Avenue), to R. Hidalgo, to Quezon Boulevard, Enrile found himse lf in Quiapo where he was struck with a baton by an American sentry. â€Å"I had no idea what jaywalking was,† he recalls. He then walked straight to Carriedo, crossed Avenida Rizal, passed the Ideal theater, walked towards the Sta.Cruz bridge, walked around Plaza Sta. Cruz, found Dasmarinas Street, turned left around the corner and went on until he reached Plaza Cervantes. â€Å"And there it was, the Edificio Soriano. I entered the building from Plaza Cervantes. I saw people standing in front of a door on the right side of the corridor. I stopped and watched. William told me to go to the seventh floor of the building. As I stood there, I noticed people rushing out of the door as it opened, and people outside rushing in before the door closed. It was my first time to see something like that. I was afraid I would not get out from there alive.No one had told the boy from Cagayan about the wonderful contraption called the elevator. On the wall facing the elevator door on the se venth floor were the words â€Å"Dewitt, Perkins, and Ponce-Enrile Law Offices. † Juanito approached Santiago Gampued, the telephone operator behind a desk in the lobby, and introduced himself. â€Å"I want to see attorney Alfonso Ponce Enrile. I am Juanito Furraganan. † He was made to write his name on a small piece of paper and told to wait. Gampued returned shortly and motioned him to a narrow hallway that ended in front of a polished wooden door on the northeast corner.Seated behind a large desk cluttered with piles of paper was a man Castilian in appearance—light complexion, bushy eyebrows, hair almost all white, thick eyeglasses over his high-bridged nose. The man stood up upon seeing him. â€Å"He was of medium built and as tall as I was,† recalls Enrile. â€Å"I’d have thought him urbane, if I knew the word then. And imposing. †Ã‚   Although his face was somewhat haggard and marked with lines, Enrile thought him good looking. â€Å" He walked towards me, I met him halfway,† recalls Enrile. â€Å"He stepped forward, raised his arms, put them around me, held me tightly and said, ‘I am sorry, my son. † 1:45 p. m. Gumban has walked in and out of the office twice, perhaps to remind his boss of the time. He sees what he sees and backs out. The Senate President is crying. He apologizes, but is unabashed. â€Å"I break down every time I recall the first time I met Papa. † In October of 1944, he says, he was being beaten up by the Kempetei almost every day, and had no way of knowing if he was going to live or die. â€Å"Now, September of 1945, I find myself being hugged by the father I had only much recently found out about, and he’s telling me I’m not going back to Sta. Mesa. I’m to ride with him to Malabon.He is driving a black, three-seater Chevrolet convertible sports car,† says Enrile. The car stopped in front of the steel gate of a large compound that held a tw o story semi-concrete house a few meters away. They get off. They are met by a handsome woman, two girls and two boys much younger than Johnny. (Raquel, the oldest girl, happened to be with their maternal grandparents in Pinaglabanan. ) â€Å"Papa goes†¦ Papa goes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He removes his glasses, wipes the tears off the lenses and, half-laughing, half-crying, says, â€Å"Papa said,   ‘Mama, Mida, Nene, Junior, Toti—this is Juanito.He is my son. From now on he will live with us. ’† Enrile was 21 when he was enrolled a high school junior at St. James Academy in Malabon. After his senior year, he had to take a validating examination for all high school subjects from first year to the first semester of third year as his academic records were incomplete. After high school, Juanito was accepted at Ateneo de Manila for his two-year pre-law studies, and graduated cum laude, despite having to work as an assistant librarian in his father’s office .By this time, so many shovels and picks away from his caminero days, he was getting paid P120 a month. The library proved to be most memorable for the advice that came from his father’s senior partner Clyde A. Dewitt, a former Thomasite: â€Å"If you aspire to be a trial lawyer, master the rules of evidence. Gain the habit of knowing thoroughly the facts of every case you handle. Study the case from the viewpoint of the other side as much as you study your side. Learn the technique of cross-examination by heart.You acquire that skill, not from reading books, but from actual practice in the courtroom. To be a corporation lawyer, you must have a thorough knowledge of corporation law, a familiarity with business practices and a working knowledge of accounting. † Before Enrile entered the UP College of Law, his father instructed Mariano Carbonell, a senior lawyer in the same office, to file a petition to judicially change his surname. 2:14 p. m. The Presiding Officer, Sen ate President Juan Ponce Enrile, calls the Impeachment Trial of Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato C. Corona to order.

300 - a Gender Analysis

Gender The film industry has created the conventional gender roles of society into their movies; A majority of films have supported some of the male and female stereotypes. In the history of the film industry, the role of men is primarilythat of the stereotypical working class man or hero, while the roles of women are primarily portrayed as being somewhat inferior to men. In the 1930s through the 1970s, men held the leading roles in films while women played smaller roles. Men were typically employed, successful gentlemen, while the woman’s only job was a housewife. The film industry was mostly dominated by men. In terms of jobs, women were given mostly family roles and rarely were shown outside of their homes, while men had successful careers and did many activities outside of home. â€Å"Women were shown doing housework and men were the beneficiaries of their work† (â€Å"Women’s roles in the film industry† Women in film). As women were given a more active role in society, the gender roles in movies changed. However, many types of gender stereotypes in films still exist. Action genre movies in particular account for many of the gender stereotypes in the film industry today. Men are typically portrayed to be the hero, while women are often portrayed as sexual objects. In the movie 300, the Spartan men served and protected the city of Sparta, while the Spartan women did domestic chores and bred more warriors. Because this movie was set back in 480 BC society portrayed men to be superior to women. Some of the main characters in 300 are prime examples for the different gender roles. King Leonidas is the proud, triumphant King of Sparta. In the film, the character Leonidas possesed as a couple different male stereotypes. King Leonidas is portrayed as the hero throughout the different action sequences. Throughout the movie Leonidas takes charge of his troops and leads them into battle. Leonidas is hero not only because he is the King of Sparta, but also because he is the commander of the troops. Before King Leonidas leaves for battle with his three-hundred Spartans, he confronts his wife and refrains from saying â€Å"My queen, my life, my love,† because he, like all other Spartans, is not soft and does not want to show emotion to his queen (Zack Snyder. 00). The narrator speaks of how Spartan men are raised like brutes and are â€Å"hard warriors† (Zack Snyder. 300). This particular phrase is important to the story because it reflects the gender role of men during that time period. King Leonidas can also be classified as the family man stereotype. Throughout the film he trains his young son for battle. He plays the role of protector not only for his individual family, but also for Spart a. In the movie 300, King Leonidas represents many male stereotypes. In contrast, the character Queen Gorgo stands for many female stereotypes in the movie. The queen portrays the domestic female stereotype. In the film Queen Gorgo cares for her young son and stays at home while her husband, King Leonidas, is fighting for their country. Like many of the women in the film, Queen Gorgo performs many domestic tasks such as retrieving food and water for her family, as well as looking after her child. Queen Gorgo is also a sex object. She is easily seduced by her King. She bribesone of the councilmen with sex. At times in the film the Queen, among many other women, wear little clothing. The 300 Spartans also wear little clothing in the film. Due to the lack of clothing, the Spartans show their ripped and brute physique to reinforce the male stereotype of being brawny and strong. Lastly, the queen represents the female stereotype of beauty. The queen is an attractive woman with a small frame, much like how the media portrays what a woman should look like. Her attractive looks and sexual qualities are a large part of Queen Gorgo’s character. Queen Gorgo represents an abundance of the female stereotypes in society. The captain of the Spartan troops also shows male stereotypes. The captain is a close ally of King Leonidas. Throughout the film, the captain portrays the male stereotype of being a family man. The captain’s son, Astinos, is barely old enough to be in battle with the Persians. The captain is skeptical of allowing his son to enter battle, but decides to encourage him to serve their country. Throughout the different battles with the Persians, the captain protects his son from harm. When Astinos is killed by Persians, the captain goes on an extremely violent tirade and kills every Persian in sight due to his overpowering vengeance. After the death of his son, the captain proclaims to the king that his heart is filled with hate, and King Leonidas replies â€Å"Good. † King Leonidas feels that it is necessary for a soldier to feel hatred toward his enemies. This particular scene portrays another male characteristic of not showing emotion towards a certain subject. The captain is another character that shows the male stereotype present in this film. Although many of the characters in the movie portray the prevalent male and female stereotypes in society, there are a few characters that stray away from these social formalities. Councilman Theron is an example of one of the characters that does not abide to the brute and warrior stereotypes in the film 300. Theron is no older than the Spartan men who fight for their city, but he lacks the physical strength that the Spartan warriors possess. Because Theron is not a typical man in Sparta, he wears a gown that is similar to the gowns worn by Spartan women. Along with Councilman Theron, there are other men that are on the council of Sparta. These men are far less in physical size than the Spartan warrior and are given duties that are similar to women. The men in the council are unique to the majority of men in Sparta that serve their city. Since the men wear â€Å"woman-like† clothing, it labels women’s apparel to be very revealing. These men reinforce some of the women stereotypes prevalent in the film. There are also some specific scenes in the movie that break some of the male and female stereotypes. Directly after Astinos is killed in battle, the Captain begins to break down and cry. The captain immediately showed his emotion for the loss of his son. This scene in the movie shows how even the most masculine man has to show some emotion at some point in time. In the end of the battle against the Persians, after King Leonidas has been shot by many arrows, he stands up and shouts, â€Å"My queen, my life, my love† (Zack Snyder. 300). This phrase is contradictory to the general actions of Spartans, and men in general, because it shows emotion. Both of these sequences in the film show how every man must show emotion, regardless of who they are. 300 demonstrated the many male and female stereotypes in society. Although most of the men were relatively similar, there were a few men in Sparta who went against the normal gender role. Like many other action movies, 300 showed various roles that supported some of the gender roles in the film industry. The main characters primarily demonstrated the conventional gender roles, but they also expressed some contradictory qualities. The film industry provides arious different types of gender roles through movies. advertising. Home | Saint Marys College, Notre Dame, IN. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfx Women in Film. Yahoo! GeoCities: Get a free web site with easy-to-use site building tools. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfw 300 Movie Spartans. Mens Movie Guide. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfv 300 (Widescreen Single Disc Edition). Dir. Zack Snyd er. Perf. Gerard Butler, Lena Headey. DVD. Warner Bros. Pictures Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures International, 2006.

Social Security and the Downfalls of Early Retirement Essay

Social Security and the Downfalls of Early Retirement - Essay Example As a means of providing a certain level of financial assistance to those who have entered the later years of their live, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in one of his acts as commander-in-chief, enacted a social help doctrine that would be commonly known as Social Security. The importance of Social Security is not lost among people. The program in which benefactors are able to received a certain amount of financial help each month after a certain age which is supposed to be comparable to the amount of earnings that the person would have been into the system over the lifetime in which they were working. As many of the "baby boomer" generation begin their approach to retirement, there is a great concern amongst many people as to how the Social Security system will ultimately handle the influx of new retirees as they filter in. Some wish to retire early, while others are determined to maintain their status as working individuals to the median age of retirement, or the common age in which many people choose to not work anymore. As it stands, the current health of the Social Security system is at a point in which there is great concern when it comes to the amount of beneficiaries there will be in the near future. With such being the case, the level in which the system can support both current, as well as future retirees, is something that has many answers to it and great implications for the ultimate outcome. A question for a great many people is to whether or not they are able to retire early and as such draw upon their benefits. The following can become very true; Social Security for early retirement is a complicated issue. Since many countries cannot offer significant financial support for retirement, this indicates that a person should save money early to be prepared and become financially secured as he or she retires from work. Contrary to popular belief, the Social Security never intended to be thee only source of income for retired people. For this reason, weighing the pros and cons of social security for early retirement is important to understand your rights, benefits and limitations so you could invest in other pension plans to support your retirement. Over fifty years ago, life expectancy of a person who started earning income around 20 years old was at age 68. Today, the life expectancy of that same 20-year-old who started earning is at around age 78, which continues to rise. For this reason, the earlier you save money for retirement, the greater benefits you will receive once you retire. ("Understanding", p.1). To decide how best to go about retiring, whether it being to do so early or at the age in which is considered to be common, an important thing to keep in mind is to observe and consider whether or not the Social Security system would be solvent enough to provide enough benefits to help beneficiaries in their later years. Essentially, to retire early means a less amount of benefits that will be available at the end of the retiree's life, with those benefits having been used to care for the person when they sought to leave the work

The Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Awakening - Essay Example the dedicated artist.† (Stone, 1986) Stone is of the opinion that Edna undergoes lack of decision power as well as deficiency in perceiving the things in an accurate way. Consequently, she seeks relief in the company of these two feminine characters from where she gets encouragement and pieces of advice regarding her domestic life on the one hand, and romantic emotions on the other. Adele and Reisz represent two different generations, which have strong relationship with Edna’s birth as an artist as a result of her emotional attachment with Robert Lebrun. Edna turns towards paintings in order to express her feelings out of her love for Robert, as she undergoes quite loneliness because her businessman husband is unable to pay due heed to his wife. Stone points out the role of the objects of nature, including ocean and hills, in Edna’s life, which instigate her fervor and boast her imagination and creativity. Stone has successfully explored the positive and negative aspects of the main characters of the novel with special focus on the protagonist Edna. Joseph Church observes all the characters of the novel â€Å"The Awakening† undergoing the situation of constant conflict between reason and emotions. Consequently, the main character i.e. Edna Pontellier acts according to the counsels offered by the unmarried pianist Reisz. Chopin witnesses the same conflict in minor characters of the novel too, including the lady in black and the lovers, though their conflict is comparatively trivial one. Thus, unlike Edna Pontellier, who until the very end painfully struggles and fails to unify these two sides of Being, Mademoiselle Reisz has sought to resolve the problem decisively, however spuriously, by siding primarily with mind-as-artist, denying the mind-absorbing passionate body in herself, and then unconsciously arranging to repossess passion vicariously through the young and sensuously beautiful Edna (Church, 2008: 21) Adà ¨le also contains interest in

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Marketing - Case Study Example A large store has always been a dream for Don Martin. Therefore, an increase in sales volume was also essential. Lastly, Don Martin experienced financial difficulties and he wanted to keep his money. This research paper is focused on marketing implications of the company and deals with the analysis of possible solutions for Don Martin Limited. Economic, social and political factors of the modern world are intimidating factors for many businesses. There is a need to develop innovative and challenging solutions in order to satisfy the needs and wants of the modern customers. Marketing Implications of Don Martin To succeed in different segments, Don Marti had to develop a different conception for his company. Advertising in mass media was one of the first and foremost measures taken by Don Martin. It is an incredible thing, but he spent more than $100,000 on advertising. So, the customers were aware of goods provided by the Company, but there was not enough high-quality services provide d for the customers. That was the biggest challenge for Don Martin. The modern customers are very much concerned about money, because they do not want to spend extra money. There were a few options suggested by Don Martin. Some of them were credit offering for the customers or delivery services. Nevertheless, these solutions were not beneficial enough, because gas cost much; there was a need to pay for the office et cetera. Credit option was a good solution, but the Company’s developer had to pay much money for tracking correct crediting and so on. Don Martin met many challenges and it was very important to find a complex and innovative best solution. There were also many challenges in HR management. People had to work 12 hours four days a week and though employees liked their job, the employer had to put much efforts to satisfy their needs. Moreover, there were a lot of manufacturers and there was a necessity to unite some lines together. Don Martin made many attempts to imp ress his customers with volumes of sold goods. There were a lot of competitors, which were offering the same goods to the customers. It was really hard to compete in the business world and there was an option either to offer business for rent or to sell it right away. Price increase was a bad solution, because other stores offered the same goods at lower prices. It was really difficult to find the best solution and it took much time for Don Martin to decide whether he needed to sell something right in a right way. Don Martin tried to think harder and chose an integrative solution, which can be profitable in the future. He wanted to initiate his developments in motorcycle sphere. Income Statements of Don Martin Limited In the result of these combined actions and invented solutions, income statements of Don Martin were the following ones: Gross profit increased for 5.6%, sales wages increased for 2.2% (11.6% to 13.8%), advertising increased for 2%, balance of selling and delivery incr eased for 1%, occupancy increased for 2.2%, general and administration costs decreased for 1%, accounts receivable and credit increased for 3%. Total expenses reached 37.5% last year and profit loss 1.9%. Therefore, with the company’s growth Don Martin experienced numerous challenges and he had to pay more different expenses, but at the same time he had an opportunity to gain more profits. A company’

HUM RELIGION WK2 DQ 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HUM RELIGION WK2 DQ 1 - Essay Example Aboriginal religion was for instance described one where the religious and profane aspects were the same thing, scholars, such as Durkheim, who was the first to carry out an in-depth study on their religion, often misunderstood it (Charlesworth, n.d). Such include practices involving activities such human sacrifice as well was certain forms of body mutilation practiced by indigenous cultures. Many, however, were just results of colonial influence, for instance, in many parts of east Africa, the British made it conditional for one to be a Christian before they could be given formal education this way many Africans were forced to abandon their original cultures. Trade was another avenue, through which western religion was spread, moreover, the Spanish conquistadors and explorers forced the original inhabitants such as Mayans to abandon their religious practices which included live human sacrifices on their temples. As a result, many of the ingenious religions either disappeared altogether or became morphed and incorporated several aspects of Christianity or Islam in them so they could conform. Early missionaries also made Christianity look more indigenous by translating the bible into different African languages such as Swahili. Africans, for example have incorporated aspects of their religious traditions such as beating of traditional drums as part of the convectional western style Christian services. Indeed, Christianity and Islam has been part of African religion so long they are considered partly ingenious to the

Policy proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Policy proposal - Essay Example As such, in order to proactively meet this challenge, it is the responsibility of the respective police department to not only retain a zero tolerance policy as has been exhibited in the University of Arizona’s police manual/handbook, but also to actively engage key shareholders within the university to work to educate and inform based on the unique threat that such incidents place on everyone involved in the university environment. It is therefore the recommendation of this brief analysis that the University of Arizona’s Police Department should engage in actively raising awareness among both faculty and staff with regards to the threats that exist as well as what efforts can be made on behalf of the community to reduce the threats that exist as a function of weapons safety and violation. It goes without saying that our current era has seen a drastically increased incidence of gun related university incidents. From the horrors of what happened at the Virginia Tech, the University of Alabama professor who shot and killed three of his colleagues during a faculty meeting, the Northern Illinois University incident involving the shooting death of 5 graduate students, and our very own University of Arizona School of Nursing incident in which 3 professors plus the gunman was killed. All of these incidents have taken place within the past 15 years and represent a vast increase in the number and severity of mass murder perpetrated within the university environment. Accordingly, a zero tolerance policy alone is not sufficient to provide deterrence to such acts of horror. Although it is incumbent upon other entities within the university setting to broach this topic with students via orientation programs and introductions to university etc., it is also incumbent upon the University Police Department to become closely involved with the student and faculty in eliciting their support and help with minimizing threats that are faced by all as a

Increasing Service Quality at a Nationwide Restaurant Chain Essay

Increasing Service Quality at a Nationwide Restaurant Chain - Essay Example Simply put, quality of service is the customers’ expectation and evaluation of the level of ease and comfort he is supposed to have while enjoying or operating the products or services of the providing organization. For example, if a restaurant chain is classified as having a four or five star rating, not only would it have a there would be a certain level of proficiency expected in the provision of these services as well. In fact, when we enter a five star restaurant we expect a certain ambience and care and support that emanates from the reception area and goes right through the whole establishment. Empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance of the expected level of service are what gives the restaurant its rating and the customer’s perception of the actual services provided gives the satisfaction level of these benefits. Elements of Service Quality There can be many elements of service quality, but they all boil down to the five most important ones which are as under: a. Reliability: This is the ability of the service provider to provide what was promised, in an accurate and dependable manner. b. Assurance: This is the ability of the service provider to convey trust and confidence that what is desired will be carried out. It also reflects the knowledge and courtesy of the service provider while dealing with customer requests or complaints. c. Tangibility: This refers to the physical facilities and equipment at the hotel. Everything from the working style to the dress of the employees should send the message of a caring and responsive attitude to customer needs

Sport law and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sport law and society - Essay Example Politics, history, sociology, economy, accounting, media, entertainment, nationalism, racism, gender issues, drug abuse and unhealthy competition have all become part of almost all the sports. No doubt there are many negative aspects; but there still remain a few very positive factors in every form of sports that makes it divine even today. The pure competition, the thrill of enjoyment of playing and watching both do not fail to take us back to the days of Athens sports when sports was played for crystal clear enjoyment and sporting spirit. It has also become a rich language of nationalism and differentiation. It represents the national aspirations and standoffishness both. The pride involved is because of the nationalistic dimension, which sometimes can go overboard, if not properly controlled. When we talk about the controlling, we unwittingly venture into the arena of Sports Law. EXPANDING REGION OF SPORTS Today, sports come under the banner of social psychology and its theories of communication, inclusion and wellbeing of the society. A society which encourages sports activities at any levels like regional, national and international, is regarded as a healthy society that can face playful, ethical and healthy challenges. As a bridge of communication, builder of friendship, resurrector of healthy bodies and minds, and as promoter of strong and competing outlook, sports is unparalleled. It is nothing new that sport has not remained as pure happiness any more and is increasingly getting commercialised which has created both advantages and disadvantages. There are other connected problems that could create or spoil a perfect social atmosphere. Still sports is considered to be one of the highpoints of human life even in the days of early Roman or Greek civilizations. Sports implies some kind of physical activity that could improve the mental or physical prowess of the participants and enjoyment of the onlookers. The competitions are not considered to be a show of enmity, but of happy competition. The 'Spirit of the Game' is the main slogan here. LEGAL SCOPE Although sports should be ideally played in good-humoured and pleasant atmosphere, every country knows today that sports has to be bound by national and international laws that should be respected by all the connected teams and countries. Any deviation from this law is punishable and the rough play, foul mouthing, un-sportsman-like behaviour, hooliganism by fans are all controlled through civil and criminal laws of the land and through the international sports law. Rough sports should be contained and there has to be a realisation that roughness in sports should not go beyond a certain limit. Adventurous sports could be curtailed by law if there is definiteness about its causing body injury for participants, onlookers or both. INTERNATIONAL LAW International sports law is growing steadily in recent years and has shown that it could be very effective1. It has advocated the efficiency of non-judicial remedies which could be tried before approaching the Courts and Tribunals and in some cases, non-judicial remedies could be more effective and less taxing2. But any attempt to flout the rules and regulations of international sports law could end up in embarrassment and perplexity3. At the same time, there is an increase of conflict between national law and international

The Logan family Essay Example for Free

The Logan family Essay Compare how Charles Dickens and Mildred D Taylor portray the social and personal problems of the main characters in Roll of Thunder Hear my Cry and Oliver Twist. Who overcomes their problems more successfully? Roll of thunder hear my cry is a book written by Mildred D Taylor about racial prejudice in 1930s Mississippi. The main character is a small black girl called Cassie Logan and the story is mainly about the social difficulties that Cassie and her family face due to prejudice. Oliver twist is a book written by Charles Dickens about discrimination due to social class. The book is set in 19th century London. The main character is a small orphaned boy called Oliver and the book follows his journey towards finding his fortune and family history. The main characters of these two books actually have more in common than it may at first seem Cassie Logan is a nine-year-old black child who lives in Mississippi surrounded by her family and friends. The Logan family have their own land although many other families are sharecroppers on land owned by mr Harlan Granger, a moderately rich white man who used to own the Logans land and tries to get it back from them throughout the story. Towards the end of the book, TJ, a friend of Staceys (Cassies older brother who is around the same age as him) is involved in a robbery along with two white boys who lay he blame on TJ when they are later found out. A lynch mob then comes after TJ with the intension of hanging him. Mr Logan sets his cotton field on fire as a distraction and blacks and whites are momentarily united as they try to extinguish the fire. Roll of thunder is told in the first person narrative through Cassies eyes. It addresses such issues as the importance of good parents as many children around the Logans such as TJ and the Sims get into a lot of trouble as a result of poor or weak parents. Oliver twist is a small boy who is orphaned in a workhouse under the management of mr bumble. Here he is underfed and one day asks for more food. This results in him being sent to mr Sowebery to work as an apprentice. Here he is bullied by Noah Claypole and runs away to London. He finds himself in the hands of a pickpocket called Fagin who befriends Oliver along with many of his young apprentices. Oliver then meets Mr Brownlow, a well off respectable gentleman who he discovers at the end of the story was in fact a friend of his fathers He stays with mr Brownlow for a while before he is captured again by Fagin. Later in the story, we meet monks, Olivers half brother who is out to get Olivers Inheritance, which we find to be a small fortune. Oliver also meets other family members and at the end of the story, finds himself in a comfortable family situation Cassie and Oliver are two very different characters but in fact they have quite a lot in common. Cassie Logan is a very loud and outspoken child. She always speaks her mind and is, unknowingly, sometimes offensive to other people in doing this. She is quite a rounded character who appreciates her family and true friends. She often deals with difficult situations by becoming aggressive, which does not always work to her advantage. Oliver however, unlike Cassie, is a very quiet and meek child. Even though he lives in a poor, working class community he is very well spoken and good. He is a stereotype of a good and honest child. Where Cassie would become aggressive when threatened, Oliver would rather run away from his troubles. He can however, become violent if provoked, especially by insults to his mother as we learn from his fight with Noah Claypole. Both children face many similar problems in their stories but the writers portray them in different ways. Both children face prejudice but for different reasons, Cassie because of race and Oliver because of his social class. Cassie Logan, like Oliver has the problem of poverty. Logan family have their own land, which means that they are economically free. The children are constantly reminded of how much this means. Papa says to Cassie You aint never had to live. on nobodys place but your own and as long as I live and this family survives youll never have to. Despite this they do still struggle with money. The children do not have new clothes when they need them, they do not have shoes in the summer and mama is often complaining about the food supply. Just one tablespoon of baking powder, and not so heaping The Logans are however, better off than many other families such as the Averys who are sharecroppers on Granger land and can never break out of the cycle of owing money to the Wallaces because of the credit system. Cassie, along with the rest of the black community, faces many examples of racial prejudice. Her incident in Strawberry with Mr Simms is a good example of this. Firstly Cassie is made to wait whilst Mr Barnett helps the white customers in the shop who have arrived after her. When she complains about this, she is twice insulted by Mr Barnett and leaves the shop with Stacey. you was helping us, I said backing to the front of the counter again. well you just get your little black self back over there and wait some more When Cassie bumps accidentally into Lillian Jean, her initial apology is not accepted.

Personalised Comments Essay Example for Free

Personalised Comments Essay The presenter refers to her own experience several times in the text. She uses the expressive function using the first person story. Line 79-80: First time I heard him say that I burst out laughing in the dressing room some people er visiting QVC I just think must sound very very strange if you Here she refers to one of her experiences. The reason she might be doing this is to create solidarity with the audience. She attempts at being conversational intimate so that the audience feels like they know the presenter and will trust what she is saying. Line 62-64: Ive just realised something (2. 0) but all will become clear (2. 0) in just a couple of moments. I have changed the ear in which I wear my earpiece I used to wear the earpiece on my right ear She speaks about herself here as an incident has occurred and she feels obliged to explain what has happened in order to include the audience. She adopts a chatty, friendly tone. The presenter uses personalised comments to be deliberately informal. 2) Generic Features of Discourse The text has a number of generic features that are found in this type of discourse and spoken language in general. The presenter possesses some of these features, although they are kept to the minimum. This could be because she is a professional and experienced in this field. She makes informed comments, which adds authority to her utterances. She does this by using pseudo-scientific talk. Pseudo-scientific talk and Field Specific Lexis She uses pseudo-scientific lexis throughout the text as it gives the product prestige and this acts as a persuasive device. Line 13: Look at the shape of the vial its almost as slightly Here she uses pseudo-scientific vial, which is also a quasi-technical word. This adds prestige to the product and it makes her sound professional, and authority and the repetition of this lexeme adds emphasis. Line 23-24: turn it to the light here you can see that swirl of silver Phonological patenting like sibilance and alliteration make the products more memorable. The use of sibilance in swirl of silver adds rhythm and interest in the description of the product in order for the presenter to attract the attention of the audience. Line 40: Have a look at these the diomodice saltier dangle drop earrings Here she guides the audience, using a mitigated imperative form, to look at the product without sounding too authoritative. She uses pseudo scientific field specific lexis related to diamonds, to add weight to her utterances, and uses a neologism. This reference to diomodice sounds precious and exclusive. Alliteration is also evident dangle drop which works as a cohesive and attention seeking device. Although the information is al times technical and scientific, more often it is emotive and based on opinion rather than fact as throughout the data she describing the products suing personal endorsement and opinion, often implicitly. Discourse Markers She uses discourse markers to indicate the beginning or the end of a segment of the programme. Line 8-9: Now you could go into some of the most competitive jewellery stores Line 23: Now look as I just turn it to Here the discourse marker now is used as a tool to draw attention to what she wants the audience to look at. In the former utterance the presenter uses the conditional form could, which is more of a mitigated directive so it has a less authoritative feel. Deictic words like now and hyperbolic adjectives amazing are as Ogilvy describes them, all shop worn clichis that work in the world of advertising. In the latter utterance she uses an imperative look as the audience are being urged to buy. This adds a degree of immediacy and authority and puts the presenter in position of power. Line 36: Now previously over 500 of you have gone for this particular pendant Line 89-90: but never mind. Lets have a look at what er we are going to be talking about now Discourse markers make it clear when there is a subject shift and draws the audiences attention to what the presenter will be talking about next.

The Business Ethics In Advertising Outline Media Essay

The Business Ethics In Advertising Outline Media Essay The importance of advertising has been on a steady rise in the past few decades with a strong social impact in modern world. Advertising through social media forums is a pervasive, strong force that defines the attitudes and behaviors of a majority of the population who are impacted by it (Berger, 2007: 178). In the 21st century, advertising has a profound impact in the way people view life, the entire world and even how they perceive themselves. Usually, advertising is twofold because it impacts people in both positive and negative ways. This creates ethical dilemmas which will be later discussed in this study. This study will analyze business ethics in advertising as the study of organizations situations, decisions and advertising activities in matters relating to what is right or wrong. The definition of what is right or wrong primarily relates to what is morally right or wrong as opposed to what the organization may deem commercially, strategically or financially right or wrong. In addition, this study will not only be exclusive to commercial enterprises but also governmental agencies, pressure groups, non governmental organizations, non profit organizations, charities and other institutions. Benefits of Advertising Economic Advertising can be potentially useful in any society that abides by moral principles and caters to the authenticity of humanity (Fernando, 2009: 335). Modern market economies are practically difficult to operate without advertising; which in developed economies is more developed as compared to developing economies (Fernando, 2009). Currently advertising is perceived as the most cost efficient way of utilizing an organizations resources while at the same time responding to the socio-economic needs of the society, provided they conform to moral standard set upon the goodwill of human development and moral good (Hackley, 2010b). In this context, advertising is an effective tool in fostering moral, healthy competition within organizations and at the same time, help in contributing to human development (Hackley, 2010b). Hackley (2010a) looks at this aspect in the context of the fulfillment and growth of the consumers ability to be effectively productive and at the same time, on the increasingly large relationship network existing between people or different social groups. In this regard, he is in support of advertisement as a wholesome and efficient tool in helping consumers and the general public. Advertising is able to accomplish this goal through information by making consumers and the general public aware of existing goods and services and any new product improvements (Hackley, 2010a: 244). This then aids consumers in making informed and prudent decisions that will eventually add up to the realization of efficiency and reduced costs. In the same regard, economic progress is likely stimulated in this manner through the increase of business and general trade (Hackley, 2010b: 225). Advertisements therefore have the potential of covering the costs of publication, programming and production of any type of organization; including provision of entertainment, availability of information and the inspiration of people around the globe (Jeurissen, 2007: 150). Cultural Advertisements have a strong impact on social media because of its strong ability to generate revenue (Jeurissen, 2007). In the same regard, advertising has the potential to instill media discipline in social media and create a positive impact on crucial decisions regarding the content of media (Malachowski, 2001). Advertising is able to achieve this through the support of materials that have a high intellectual, aesthetic and moral content which is focused on the consideration of public interests. This is especially true when adverts are tailored towards possible media presentation and with consideration to the need of the minorities which may otherwise go unnoticed (Malachowski, 2001). Advertising can also aid in the general betterment of the society by inspiring and uplifting both consumers and the general population through the inducement of behaviors that benefit advertising companies and other stakeholders (Malachowski, 2001). Simply, by witty advertisement campaigns, advertising has the potential to be tasteful and entertaining at the same time. Advertisement campaigns also contain some elements or creative artistry through the uniqueness of their vivacity (Marlin, 2002: 175). Moral Social institutions like churches and other benevolent organizations incorporate advertising in passing messages to their members (Marlin, 2002). Advertising can be used to communicate messages of tolerance, compassion or encouragement of neighbourly elements of humanity. Most nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations have been clear examples of positive moral advertising because they have undertaken advertisement campaigns which are tailored towards sensitizing charity for the needy; with a focus on health and education needs. Most of the adverts have the ability to educate the general public through constructive and helpful contents that motivate people in a number of ways, beneficial towards the common cause of humanity (Marlin, 2002: 175). Though much still needs to be done, many such initiatives of this nature are already in progress. In direct reference to advertising, the Catholic Church established that institutions and organizations should follow with careful understanding the development of modern techniques in order to take advantage of existing opportunities to spread messages of goodwill in ways that seek to answer questions that plague the needs of the contemporary person (Wilkins, 2005: 115). Introduction Abuse of Advertising Intrinsically, there is no beneficial or damaging element to advertising (Wilkins, 2005). Advertising is nothing more than a tool or simply an instrument which can either be used beneficially or destructively (Phillips, 1997). If goods or services of a harmful nature are touted to the general public; this is a clear abuse of advertising (Phillips, 1997). In the same way, if goods or services are not clearly asserted in the advertisement campaigns; it is a clear violation of advertising. Advertising companies responsible for such misdemeanors usually forfeit their credibility or their good brand names in light of these developments (Phillips, 1997). Moreover, unremitting pressures from advertising companies can drive up the need to purchase goods or services which one doesnt necessarily need. This can be openly illustrated in the rampant purchase of luxury goods or services by most households at the expense of basic goods and services for the families. Some advertisement campaigns have been noted to explore sexual instincts from commercial reasons or to tap into the subconscious mind of an individual, thereby compromising his/her independence in making a conscious decision (Vatican online Ethics in advertising 1997). Economic Effects Some companies can abuse the important role of advertising in the provision of information by withholding crucial information which could be material in the decision making of a consumer (Reichert, 2003). As a deviation from the informative function of advertising, advertisers have now adopted the tendency to persuade or motivate customers to adopt certain spending habits (Marlin, 2002). This is the major platform to which advertising is deemed unethical. The use of brand advertising is also not easy because it may create many legal problems for companies. This is clearly evident in Tobacco companies, Alcohol pops companies trying to motivate more users to get addicted to there products. To curb this problem, governmental authorities should be vigilant in persecuting offenders who disregard copyrights or other intellectual properties attributed to specific companies. It is an eminent fact that many brands are closely interlinked and often look similar. Advertising can therefore motivate people to make irrational decisions in the purchase of goods and services based on these misconceptions as opposed to brand or price differentiations (which are the rational ways of going about it). Consumers should beware of such malpractices in advertising through sensitization by government and the media. In this manner, if such acts are noted, such companies and advertising agencies engaged such activities are likely to face public rejection. A large number of companies use sporting event to advertise there products even though this is deemed unethical sporting organization agree to sponsorship deals as the money being offered is in such large amounts. Culture Corruption of culture or general cultural effects can be partially attributed to advertising. More specifically, such damages are observed in developing countries because developed countries have been on a war path against traditional or indigenous cultural practices (Reichert, 2003: 105). This is some sort of domination over the target population and a manipulation of the cultural heritage of various population groups. This happens because of the high capability of adverts to impact on the revenues of social media companies. Communicators then find themselves in these ethical dilemmas because there is a rush to attract large audiences and deliver them to advertising agencies. In this regard, communicators are also observed to ignore the social and educational needs of the specific segments of the general public such as different age groups who dont conform to the demographic patterns of the advertisers. The establishment of a written code of ethics would go a long way in ensuring communicators are not faced with such dilemmas. However, Reichert (2003) is of the opinion that these codes should be formulated by every stakeholder because their effectiveness depends on the ability of every stakeholder to abide by them. Advertisers have also contributed to the development of certain social stereotypes which pit others as more superior or inferior to others. The blatant abuse of women in or by advertising campaigns is a clear deplorable abuse on gender affiliation (Reichert, 2003). Advertising campaigns have been known to portray women as objects for satisfaction of the desire for pleasure or power (Reichert, 2003). Not much can be done by either government or other stakeholders in controlling such perceptions in the society, though governments can moderately regulate such advertisements; but advertisers should be majorly sensitized from perpetrating such social segregations in society. In addition, consumer sensitization through social forums like churches would also help the general population understand that such ideologies depicted in adverts are not necessarily the ideal situation. Moral Though advertising can conform to moral principles and is sometimes inspiring, it can be vulgar and immoral (Crane Matten, 2007). Often, the appeal to such motives stems from attributes such as envy, lust or status symbol (Vatican online Ethics in advertising 1997). Advertisers still use pornographic materials and other inappropriate materials to date (Reichert, 2003). The media has also helped in facilitating this cause by making such advertising campaigns accessible to the general population, including children. Such activities were majorly observed to be common in developed countries but the same trend has been observed to pick in developing countries. The best approach to cover such kind of unethical practices would be the regulation of media content by governments. Conclusion Guarantors of ethical, moral behavior are the conscious advertising professionals who are not only focused on their duty to please those who commission or bankroll their work but also uphold the rights and interests of the general population in fulfillment of a common human good. Many people who have been engaged in advertising normally have a high ethical conscious but the nature of the competitive work and companies who bankroll them often exert irresistible pressure on them, compromising on their ethical standards. Advertising companies have also been noted to pursue commercial objectives at the expense of ethical practices without any regard to societal values or the impact of their advertising campaigns on the general population. This therefore necessitates a number of measures that need to be religiously followed and implemented to ensure such unethical practices are prevented. Some of the measures to cover this menace rest in the advertising agencies while some rests on the go vernment, media and society in general. A lot needs to be done to ensure ethical practices are observed in advertising. One such structure to ensure this is achieved is through the establishment of ethical codes. The effectiveness of this approach however depends on the willingness to abide by such codes. Public authorities also have a major role to play in regulating social media, such that they dont air materials that are unethical or morally incorrect. Their involvement should however be moderate. The public should also be sensitized against the negative effects of advertising to reduce the negative impact of advertising on the population. Nonetheless, observance of ethical advertising needs to be observed by advertising agencies themselves.

African American History :: essays research papers

Berida’s story exemplifies the issues facing women in Africa in general and Kenya in particular, especially with respect to gender and class in many ways. Berida explains in her story the hardships that women have in providing for themselves as well as their families. Some of the hardships that Berida talks about are in the article â€Å"The African and Kenyan Contexts.† The article states that, â€Å"across the continent, people of many African nations have been troubled by low levels of economic productivity, environmental degradation, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, the exigencies of structural adjustment, and the battering of declining commodity prices.† The hardships that are discussed are in the areas of education, economics, and ecological.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important issues discussed is economics. Everyone in the world today needs money to survive. Berida explains how she had to work hard day and night to provide for her for her family. She was the breadwinner in the family because her husband was an alcoholic and would spend all the money. She tried to make money any way she could. Berida and other women would go from city to city buying and selling goods for more than what they had paid for them to make a profit. Berida also worked for others, farming when she could not afford to buy and sell. When the trade business it depends on what the state of the economy is in to make good profits. African cities tend to be very poor and do not receive help from the government or other countries. All of the money that Berida made went to food, clothing, and education for her children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compared to European Nations there are few educated people in Africa. Education in Africa is very expensive and many families cannot afford to send their children to school until they graduate. Although Berida had very little education; she did what she could to keep her children in school. Depending on how much Berida made when her trading business was good, some of her children received more education than others. Berida feels that poor families should not have too many children because a decent education costs too much. Females in most families had to stop going to school to help take care of the younger children and out their parents while the younger children go to school. The less education that one has the less chance there is of getting a decent job.

Wellness :: essays research papers

My Own Health History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today I would say that I am physically healthy, but I could be more emotionally healthy. The reason I feel this way is because I am currently training for the Berea College track and field team. To do this I have to run times that are not easily attained. This is what causes me to be physically healthy. This is just one of many factors that I believe have influenced my physical health. Others include swimming, basketball, walking, cross-country, my own personal view of my self, and the way others view me. All of these factors have played a positive influence on my training habits and abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basketball has been a very large part of my life. It was the first sport I ever learned to play. When I was younger I would watch my older brothers and my uncles go the park and play. It was something I enjoyed doing. That has a lot to do with your health. If you can find something you love to do and can give you a workout then you can be considered healthy. Playing basketball made me better physically and mentally. As I grew older I started to play more, which put me in better shape. Finally by my freshman year I was playing for my high school. I learned the great skills as well as teamwork. This is an example of how sports develop a person mentally and physically. While playing basketball probably was the most enjoyable it did not put me in the best shape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have tried just about every sport in my life, but the two that I have been most successful at are swimming, and running. Running is the one I have decided to do in college, but I also love swimming. I started swimming when I was about two years old, but I did not start competitively swimming until the summer before my junior year. I trained daily when I joined my summer swim team after my best friend told me it would be good for the upcoming cross country season. After swimming I realized that it is a great way to learn controlled breathing, and to increase your VO2 max. It is also a great workout for your legs and arms. And the competition from swimming teaches sportsmanship, and punctuality. Swimming to me was a major part of my health and physical fitness my junior and senior year, but the biggest part was running cross-country and track and field.

THE IMMORAL PROPOSAL FOR THE CHANGE OF DRUG LAWS Essay -- Drugs

In the United States the use of illegal drugs is prohibited. If one uses or possesses any type of an illegal substance it is considered a criminal offense. One must know that 15 million Americans use drugs each month (Husak 7). There are various points of view that disagree and agree with this law. An advanced society must realize that the idea of any attempt to allow illegal drugs to be legalized, in any way in society, cannot be morally permissible; a sound minded person cannot allow more addiction in a drug infested country. For our purpose an advanced society is a large number of persons that are morally knowledgeable of human wellbeing. A drug, for our purpose, is described as any substance other than food which by its chemical nature affects the structure or function of the living organism. The idea of changing illegal substance laws started with drug legalization, which stretches back to the early decades of the 20th century, but the contemporary debate emerged in1988. Kurt L. Schmoke called for the debate on drug control and strategies. Schmokes’s argument was that for generations the United States has been pursuing policies of prosecution and repression that resulted in little more than overcrowded courts and prisons, increased profits for drug traffickers, and higher rates of addiction. There are two main view points on the changing of drug laws. One is the Prohibition view point which is against drug legalization. Prohibitionist believe that laws that are set in place are enough and that the legalization of drugs would further disrupt family structure and imply drug use to American youth that would lower perceptions of harms and risks, as well as failing to eliminate drug addiction.( Inciardi 20). The parallel v... ...n illegal substance must consider after addiction free choice is no longer free. The first few times an individual uses an addictive substance, but that choice disappears as addiction becomes an experienced reality (Inciardi 39). Work cited Heath, Samuel . "The Relationship between Parental Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Child Maltreatment ."childabuse,com (2011): n. pag. Web. 15 Apr 2011. Husak, Douglas . The Legalization of Drugs . Cambridge, New York: Cambridge Press, 2005. 198. Print. Inciardi , James A. The Drug Legalization debate . 2nd . Thousand Oaks, California : Sage Publications Inc., 1999. 1-117. Print. University of California - San Francisco. "Prescription Drug Addiction Is Under Investigation." ScienceDaily, 19 Apr. 2007. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. Wills, Suzanne. "Marijuana policy questions ." Drug Policy Forum of Texas (2004): n. pag. Web. 15 Apr 2011.

Kraft Food

Strength ? Kraft foods is the world second largest food company since it has the presence in 160 countries with 168 integrated factories, (Geographical presence of Kraft foods ) ? It has a heritage of business since 1903 ? The human resource capacity of this company is 97000 which make them the one of largest in the globe, ? Kraft foods carries 40 brands which is in the market over 100 years ? Country led model of the Kraft foods which lead towards making decisions more faster ?Acquisition of Cadbury & LU biscuits which led the strong presence of Kraft foods in the global market because Cadbury had 45000 employees & the presence of the brand in 60 countries , LU biscuit which has 32 manufacturing facilities with 14000 employees which lead more market share , more value or revenue from the segment categories specially in the European region 1. Weakness ? Kraft Foods 12. 5% ( 2009 ) comes from 5 brands portfolio ? Adding the Pan – European centralized management will lead to cul tural effect in the organizational structure ?The acquisition process of Cadbury bought more negative impact on Kraft food since an UK based company was taken over by a foreign based company ? Selling of frozen pizza & post cereal business which effect the convenience foods segments net revenue contribution of 94. 1% & operating income of 8. 8 % as per 2009 figures of Kraft foods north America 2. Opportunities ? Expand penetration in developing markets by the increase of the population Ex: China , India markets 3. Threats ? Holidays & Seasonal Changes effect the demands of the products ?By presenting in globally Kraft foods Came across competition from retail house brands, generic brands, regional , local, & other multinational brands Ex: Super Markets like Tesco , Carrefour developing their own brands on FMCG category in Srilanka Cargills, Keells Super has their own brands ? Cost increase of the raw materials & other local political , legal un stabilities of the countries ( ingredi ents & packaging material ) Ex: Mad cow disease had stop purchase most of the imported or processed meat from other countries 1. Political Political unrest particularly in the Ivory Coast affecting supply of Cocoa and in other parts of Africa. ? European unions condition for acquisition of Cadbury which led to Kraft foods to sell the Cadbury confectionery operations in Romania & Poland ? Favourable regulations allowing relatively easy acquisition of Cadbury in spite of promises by UK Labour Party to enact a Cadbury Law to maintain the UK ownership. ? Government agricultural policies impacting upon Kraft operations ? Competition and antitrust controls. 1. Legal ? Ban on exports of foodstuffs from CIS a result of poor crops – also environmental factor. Compliance with food regulations in different jurisdictions ? Importance of patent protection with regard to branded organisation like Kraft – problems of enforcement ? Contractual rights in various countries 2. Economic ? Fluctuation in currencies especially the US Dollar impacting particularly on Kraft with its operations in over 160 countries ? Recession has impact on business activity economic activity particularly with regard to the value of the UK pound and the Euro with regard to economic problems in Ireland, Portugal and Greece. Sharp increases in commodity prices – the case highlights the situation with regard to coffee and cocoa, a result of speculation and demand increases as the world population grows. There are also supply issues as a result of weather problems and the changeover from food crops to bio–fuel crops. 3. Social ? Growth in demand for coffee from growth of organisations such as Starbucks (economic) ? Move towards health consciousness which will impact on processed foods manufacturers such as Kraft and Cadbury leading to negative perceptions of packaged foods like Kraft manufacture ?Culturally bound markets significance of foods within certain culture ? There are problems of rural communities with migration to urban areas especially young people which accentuates the key problem of aging. ? Corporate social responsibility becoming a key issue as initiatives such as Fairtrade gain support from major food producers notably Cadbury with its flagship brand Dairy Milk. ? There have been changes in food habits as a result of the economic crisis leading to phenomenon such as â€Å"stay at home† and growth of consumption of retailer brands and other cheaper brands. . Environmental ? Global warming causing extremes of weather eg Floods in Pakistan and droughts in CIS leading to disruptions in supplies of raw materials ? Increasing pressure on organisations particularly high profile multinationals such as Kraft, to become greener. The issue of carbon footprint and food miles is critical to global organisations. ? Waste and recycling issues – Kraft uses significant amount of packaging and is also subject to transportation costs. 5. Techn ology Although technologies are converging globally, there are still wide variations in IT availability across countries and multinational organisations such as Kraft must take account of this. ? There is continuous pressure to develop cheaper production techniques via the application of new technologies to become the low cost producer in order to both maximize profits and to resist pressures from retailers such Walmart for lower prices. ? Kraft is particularly strong in R & D ? The growing impact of ITC leading to more e-business and e-procurement. – Kraft Food Strength ? Kraft foods is the world second largest food company since it has the presence in 160 countries with 168 integrated factories, (Geographical presence of Kraft foods ) ? It has a heritage of business since 1903 ? The human resource capacity of this company is 97000 which make them the one of largest in the globe, ? Kraft foods carries 40 brands which is in the market over 100 years ? Country led model of the Kraft foods which lead towards making decisions more faster ?Acquisition of Cadbury & LU biscuits which led the strong presence of Kraft foods in the global market because Cadbury had 45000 employees & the presence of the brand in 60 countries , LU biscuit which has 32 manufacturing facilities with 14000 employees which lead more market share , more value or revenue from the segment categories specially in the European region 1. Weakness ? Kraft Foods 12. 5% ( 2009 ) comes from 5 brands portfolio ? Adding the Pan – European centralized management will lead to cul tural effect in the organizational structure ?The acquisition process of Cadbury bought more negative impact on Kraft food since an UK based company was taken over by a foreign based company ? Selling of frozen pizza & post cereal business which effect the convenience foods segments net revenue contribution of 94. 1% & operating income of 8. 8 % as per 2009 figures of Kraft foods north America 2. Opportunities ? Expand penetration in developing markets by the increase of the population Ex: China , India markets 3. Threats ? Holidays & Seasonal Changes effect the demands of the products ?By presenting in globally Kraft foods Came across competition from retail house brands, generic brands, regional , local, & other multinational brands Ex: Super Markets like Tesco , Carrefour developing their own brands on FMCG category in Srilanka Cargills, Keells Super has their own brands ? Cost increase of the raw materials & other local political , legal un stabilities of the countries ( ingredi ents & packaging material ) Ex: Mad cow disease had stop purchase most of the imported or processed meat from other countries 1. Political Political unrest particularly in the Ivory Coast affecting supply of Cocoa and in other parts of Africa. ? European unions condition for acquisition of Cadbury which led to Kraft foods to sell the Cadbury confectionery operations in Romania & Poland ? Favourable regulations allowing relatively easy acquisition of Cadbury in spite of promises by UK Labour Party to enact a Cadbury Law to maintain the UK ownership. ? Government agricultural policies impacting upon Kraft operations ? Competition and antitrust controls. 1. Legal ? Ban on exports of foodstuffs from CIS a result of poor crops – also environmental factor. Compliance with food regulations in different jurisdictions ? Importance of patent protection with regard to branded organisation like Kraft – problems of enforcement ? Contractual rights in various countries 2. Economic ? Fluctuation in currencies especially the US Dollar impacting particularly on Kraft with its operations in over 160 countries ? Recession has impact on business activity economic activity particularly with regard to the value of the UK pound and the Euro with regard to economic problems in Ireland, Portugal and Greece. Sharp increases in commodity prices – the case highlights the situation with regard to coffee and cocoa, a result of speculation and demand increases as the world population grows. There are also supply issues as a result of weather problems and the changeover from food crops to bio–fuel crops. 3. Social ? Growth in demand for coffee from growth of organisations such as Starbucks (economic) ? Move towards health consciousness which will impact on processed foods manufacturers such as Kraft and Cadbury leading to negative perceptions of packaged foods like Kraft manufacture ?Culturally bound markets significance of foods within certain culture ? There are problems of rural communities with migration to urban areas especially young people which accentuates the key problem of aging. ? Corporate social responsibility becoming a key issue as initiatives such as Fairtrade gain support from major food producers notably Cadbury with its flagship brand Dairy Milk. ? There have been changes in food habits as a result of the economic crisis leading to phenomenon such as â€Å"stay at home† and growth of consumption of retailer brands and other cheaper brands. . Environmental ? Global warming causing extremes of weather eg Floods in Pakistan and droughts in CIS leading to disruptions in supplies of raw materials ? Increasing pressure on organisations particularly high profile multinationals such as Kraft, to become greener. The issue of carbon footprint and food miles is critical to global organisations. ? Waste and recycling issues – Kraft uses significant amount of packaging and is also subject to transportation costs. 5. Techn ology Although technologies are converging globally, there are still wide variations in IT availability across countries and multinational organisations such as Kraft must take account of this. ? There is continuous pressure to develop cheaper production techniques via the application of new technologies to become the low cost producer in order to both maximize profits and to resist pressures from retailers such Walmart for lower prices. ? Kraft is particularly strong in R & D ? The growing impact of ITC leading to more e-business and e-procurement. –

Family Health Assessment Essay

Tell me about your family values concerning nearlyness .What values argon important to you when it comes to how to prevalentity health? How countenance these values enamour your lifespanstyle as family. What ar your family nutritionary habits? Tell me how umpteen serving of vegetable or fruits you sap per day? What physical body of sustenance do you immerse? How many hours a night do you nap? What do you do for relaxation? Do you feign any sleep concern? How argon your bowel habits? Do you take any over the count peck softer? Tell me about your bladder habits? What do you do for exercise? What kind of natural process do you do with the children? What do you only do for recr extinguishion? Has in that respect been a change in your sensory lore? How is your perceive? How is your vision? Are there any body image electric receptacle? How much date do you have enkindle per hebdomad? What are your concerns when it comes to sex? Tell me how you cope with stress as a family .what is any(prenominal) effective government agency you deal with stress as family.The Family health Assessment slam is a vital tool use in the accumulation of envision for family health appraisal .This sound judgment tool which was proposed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 is call up functional health pattern frame realise. This tool is comprehensive in the roll upion of date and communication of data among health tutorship providers .This tool assist the health tuition provider in examining functions and interactions among the patterns to accurately restrict and diagnosis actual or electromotive force troubles and plan intervention toward outcomes to promote health and well-being. Gordon, 2007Health Promotion through the life Span 7ED CHAPTER 7 These eleven concentrate on areas proposed by Gordon will be utilise in this opus to determine collect and analysis data. The eleven are intimate above. Each one will be analysis andapplied to the family interview. I direct an all-embracing family for this health assessment paper .This paper will detail the travail in family assessment and it will be completed with minimal stress to the family. An extend family is defines as a family that goes beyond the quick family nedeucerk, like the husband, wife and children.The extended family includes the uncle and aunts. one-time(prenominal) extended family even has a family process like the grandparent living with in the household. This assessment began with health perception and the health counsel in which the family are asked open ended question. This paper will also discussed health problems which will lead to health progression and prevention with in the family. Strategies will be plane with the family involvement to promote, prevent and detect health. The extended family is early eld Hispanic by the name of Falto .The couple has trio young children, the sure-enough(a) is a boy 9 age, the plaza child is a 7years boy and the youngest is 4 years old girl. The feather is 37 years old construction worker, working quaternity days a calendar hebdomad for 10 hours a day. The fetch is 34yeal charwoman work at topical anesthetic infirmary as dietary director, works octonary hours a day job, five days a week. The grandmother the father mother live with them in the household and she is 60years.Th devil older children attend a secured public school. The grandmother do non work she stayed at home with the four years little girl.They all live in a safe neighborhood in a four bed room, two and the half bath single family home. The Family says they are finically stable and the children are both doing well in school. They have health damages through the mothers job. They verbalize that they are all healthy that that Mrs. Falto develop gestational hypertension when she was pregetant with their lady friend who is now four years old. Her slant pressure is well control with lisinopril 10mg periodical and they maintained their health by yearly physical with their primary load. The children immunisation is up to date .All member of the family are nonsmoker and do not drinking any alcohol, they stayed healthy by ceremony their calories intake and liberty chiting at ratiocination two times a week at the local park ,while the children paly .Nutritional the family eat three meals a .day and try to eat one meal together fooling which is dinner. Eat a regular diet and they closely watch their calories and salt intake.Males are cook at home three time a week and reheated daily .The children are all healthy, the two older children play baseball at local YMCA two times a week forrecreation. All four children growth chart show that they are appropriate for their extravagantly and angle. The father is 5 feet and 6 inches and weight 180lbs.H verbalize that their primary care doctor has advised him on weight control. Mrs. Flato is 5 feet 5 inches and is 155 lbs. The grandmother is 4 feet, 9 inches and weight 175 make her over weight for her high. She has been encouraged by the primary care doctor to walk daily for 20 mint four to five days a week. They eat a well balances diet make their bowel pattern regular and chemical formula Berman et al, 2007.The grandmother has developing some hearing problems.She was evaluated and she was fitted for hearing aid. The rest of the family denies any sensory problems. The Flato have friends and other family member that they fit in with regular and attended almost every family events. They said they attended a local church once in a while but they are not active members. Both Mr. and Mrs. Flato are in their thirty and they both denied any problem with sex. When asked about stress, they laugh and said everybody has some stress but we fine ship canal to manage our stress level and time to relaxTHE FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT WAS dispassionate AND ANALYSIS.A WELLNESS NURSING diagnosing WAS FORM FOR THE FLATO FAMILY1.READINESS FOR ENCHANCED NUTRI TIUONAL METABOLIC APTTREN2.EFFECTIVE BLOOD pressure level MANAGEMENT3.EFFECTIVE ACTIVE LEVEL

Czech Literature Essay

1. Characterize the main defining points of Czechoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakian pre 19th ampere-second history. Czech belles-lettres encompasses the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The Czech belles-lettres is divided into m any point in times, the Middle Ages, the Hussite Period, the churrigueresco period and the enlightenment that ushered in the 19th ampere-second Czech literary whole kit and boodle. Czech belles-lettres is unusu bothy tri-lingual, utilizing Czech, Latin then German. Most of the authors ahead wrote in separate dictions (i. e. German) thats why ab fall out of these writers and their works were sort break by dint of with(predicate) as Austrian literary productions. first evidences of Czech poetical work around 12th centuries are the two songs, Hospodine, pomiluj ny (Lord Have Mercy Upon Us) and Svaty Vaclave (Saint Wenceslas). In the 13th century, confused political, social and cultural changes happened. Epics such(prenominal) as Alexandreis, the Chronicles of Dalimil, the musical pieces Island Song and Cunigunds Prayer, signaled the birth of a unequalled Czech books. Enters the Hussite Era wherein the sole purpose of the literary productions was to exsert and spread the arguments and doctrines of Jan Hus.Jan Hus was a theological writer at the ancestor of the 15th century wherein he wrote largely in Latin, and then Czech later on on. Nonetheless, he published a compilation of his sermons in Czech and created rules of orthography and grammar that would later on be the foundation of modern Czech. Jan Hus works catered to the masses and mostly consist of social situations. This period truly authentic Czech religious songs as alternates for Latin hymns and liturgy. However, Hussite Literature was oftentimes invali reckond by works f barricade for Catholicism just like Jan Rokycanas works. Humanism, a new trend in Bohemia replaced the Hussite era.Thi s form of literature mainly dealt about rival writings of Catholics in Latin and Protestants in Czech. However, the Catholics at last emerged victorious after the Protestants were defeated in the Battle of the White Mountain. Therefore, on that point was persuasive re-Catholicization that leads to confiscations and eviction of all Protestants. There was a splitting of literature, the domestic Catholic and the exiled Protestants. This was known as the baroque period. However, the Bohemian nobility was unlike any European nobility during that time, they held special courts for the nobles separate from the public.This voice resulted to the inability of the baroque period of literature to expand and develop. The best known figure in Baroque Czech writing was John Commenius, a teacher, theologian, and philosopher. He grew up in Bohemia but was later on exiled due to Protestantism and with his death, Protestant literature died away with him. after(prenominal) the demise of Protestan tism and the power of Catholicism, a new ontogeny occurred with the declaration of Emperor Josef II to end feudalism and to tolerate freedom of religion and ideas.This ushered enlightened classicism, or the application of rational reasoning to all aspects of life. Having a national language and a literature in ones own language was seen as necessary to build an identity element for the nation. A renew interest in Czech folk literature and prose novels that relates the history and evolution of the nation of Czech, and a veritable Czech poetic style was developed. 2. Describe the kickoff phase of national revitalization. Major Figures The national revival was a spin-off from the enlightenment of Czech literature.These ideas were all about renewal of everything Czech from science to the humanities and firm. However, there would still be a immense way to go from being independent from the German style and develop a unique Czech style. This task was especially hard since German wreak had span for so some years and the Czech language was already losing out. Hence, the solidarity among Czech citizens was greatly established and its connection with Russia, as well as regaining of the historicism and instilling patriotism amongst its race.Step by step, progress of Czechs unique culture and traditions finally escalated to the point of politics. This means that Czechs consideration as a government is equal to Germany, with Czech having its own constitutions and local autonomy. However, in 1848, there was an eruption of revolution all over Europe and Germany had demanded labor union of some other European countries with them. This involved the lesser Germany or a greater Germany wherein Czech would be a post of, supposedly.However, Chancellor Matternich of Austria resigned a month before the first Austrian Constitution was proclaimed. Nevertheless, uprisings were still adamantine and a convention met in Vienna aiming to end the Viennese revolution an d Slavic nations who resists Germanys tolerate of incorporating Austria into Germany as p artistry of its greater Germany concept. Upon so many debacles an Austro-Hungarian Settlement was spended, but this conformity totally disregard Czechs demands, which led to an assembly of people at significant sites in Czech history.So, an agreement between Austria and Czech was develop in 1871 and it include increased authority of Czechs assemblies. However this agreement was damage such that it increased discontent of Germans and Hungarians living in Czech and further negotiations for the treaty was stopped. The relationship among Czechs and Germans exasperate eventually, that this led to the formation of Germans in Bohemia their own enclose German territory wherein German is the official language. 3. Early 19th century poetsAfter the enlightenment period and the national revival struggle, Romanticism entered the Czech literature scene. Frantisek Palacky was the leading Slavic scholar with Vaclav Hanka (17911861) who produced Slavic texts that became part of Czechs literary tradition and culture. Moreover, the spellbind of three literary figures such as Svatopluk Cech, Jan Neruda, and Joseph V. Sladek introduced poem that was leaning towards the rich and the aristocrats. Svatopluk Cech (1846-1908) was a Czech poet and novelist.He became famous for his revere for freedom and democracy and his proclivity to Pan-Slavism. This enthusiasm with politics was observed through out his many writings just like The Adamites (1873), Zizka (1879), and Vaclav of Michalovice (1880). His satiric novel Excursion of Mr. Broucek to the Moon (1886) was in like manner well-regarded as well as his idyllic prose In the complete of the Linden Tree (1879). Jan Neruda (1834-1891) was a Czech es theorizeist and poet. A native of Prague, his famous Stories from Mala Strana (1878) were derived from his childhood in Prague.It also showed ridiculous interpretation of the Czech sum cla ss that illustrates Czech realism. Joseph V. Sladek (1845-1912) was a Czech poet and translator. His works were influenced by Shakespearean plays since he lived in the fall in States for two years and the taught English in Prague and translated much American and English writings into Czech. Sladeks rime were free-verses and short at some point, demonstrating his personal sorrows and nationalistic ideology. His collections were entitled Basne poems (1875) and Sluncem a stinem in sun and shade (1887).4. Development of Czech line of business Early theater in Czech was mainly composed of secular and liturgical dramas that constitute religious field of studys. These dramas were usually performed by professional actors and magicians. The Baroque Jesuit Drama was usually school plays that were reign by the Jesuit Order of Priests in the sixteenth and 17th century. The theme was usually about acres folk as presented to the urbanized public. Professional theater was made available b y foreign performers who traveled from one country to another.They are usually Germans and English, some others Italians, as well as French. sign, did not head for the hills the National Revival Project of the Czechs. Performances are to be executed exploitation primarily the Czech language. Vlastenecke divadlo or the Patriotic Theater, the Bouda or the Shack, and the Nostitz Building of the National Theater, were the beginning of Czech Porfessional Theater. Czech professional theater reached the countrysides through J. A. Prokops company theater where they made their performances using puppets in 1849.Finally, the arising of the Prozatimni Divadlo or Provisional Theater in 1862, Czech Theater created its own identity apart from German Theater. Consequently, the first generation of Czech Porfessional actors emerged like Josef Jiri Kolar and Anna Kolarova-Manetinska. Czech Opera also grew by chance with seven premieres by Bedrich Smetana and five Antonin Dvorak (Czech Republic W ebsite). The opening of the National Theater in Prague in 1883 introduced Czech Theater to the whole of Europe. Performances in Czech language started to increase and styles such as realism and naive realism developed.Then in the beginning of the 20th century the avant-garde of Czech theater materialized and the works of Jiri Mahen, Frana Sramek and Viktor Dyk, ushered the symbolist and impressionist dramas. A new style of performing was also developing through focusing on the mind and pysche of the character, and this was presented by Hana Kvapilova and Eduard Vojan, among many others. The Municipal Theater at Kralovske Vinohradyopened in Prague in 1907, and Karel Hugo Hilar performed the art of expressionism in theater.The development of Czech Theater was come with by the growth of Czech Theater Critics as well as magazines such as Scena were published. In 1918, wherein the development of an Independent Czechoslovakia was starting to brew, litearary works became rampant repres enting nationalistic ideas and usage of Czech language. Styles such as Avant-garde in Fantasy and Comedy also emerged. However, when the Nazi Occupation reached Czechoslovakia, all theaters were closed in 1944. Then in 1948, Czech theater emerged once again with a new purpose, Socialist Realism.This was mainly a propaganda of the communist regime to spread out their doctrines. But, in 1950s, small theaters took forms apart from the official theater, that fascinated a larger group of non-conformist audiences. This is where the famous Czech writer Milan Kundera began writing for theater. 5. Compare city and village prose Czech literature was not clearly divided then as city and village prose. Through out the thorough research, no mention as to the theme about city or village was encountered, however, an breath that the oral literature of Czech could perhaps be defined as village prose.Since Czech literature in its oral form existed before the climax of any influence, from the urban cities or from the west, folk rime was used. Another is the emergence of Catholic themes that could probably date back as far as 863 A. D. when Moravia and Bohemia were reborn into Christianity through the labors of St. Cyril and St. Methodius. All Czech literature began in this era and with the exception of Bulgarian literature, Czech literature is the oldest and the richest. Themes range from secular and religious prose and liturgies of the Catholic Church.As with the city prose, conceivably emerged through the influx of other styles as Czech literature moved on. With the amplification of the romanticism that relates knights tales and crusaders and the feasts that were held in approve of them. Humanism that copied Roman and Greek literature, and Avant-garde styles such as impressionism and expressionism and political themes could also be referred to as city prose. 6. Compare the literary groups Ruch and Lumir In the 1840s, with the plagiarise of Czech literature, publication s and journalism were also growing on its own.These publications contributed a lot for the political liberation of Czech from Austria. Literary periodicals that are closely connected with this political theme are the Lumir and Ruch. Lumir begun c. 1875, focused on the desire to develop a Czech literature that would reach the level of international standards through the writings of Jaroslav Vrchlicky and Julius Zeyer. Ruch, who started in 1868, however, focused on strengthening national traditions and themes through the writings of Josef Vaclav Sladek and Svatopluk Cech.Both periodicals were directed towards patriotism and nationalism through publishing writers that have some say about the political situation of the country. These writers, expressed their love for Czechoslovakia by creating historical novels such of Alois Jirasek or was commonly known as the Czech Walter Scott, (18511930). Works Cited Czech and Slovak literature. Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. Crystal Reference S ystems Limited. 06 Dec. 2007. Reference. com http//www. reference. com/ pasture/crystal/08865